Tuesday Lecture

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Tuesday Lecture Sugar
Reading Textbook, Chapter 7, 8
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Quiz
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Quiz 1. We use the name potato for two
different food crops, the Irish Potato and the
Sweet Potato. Which of these is a root and
which is a stem? 2. What are the two major
crops that serve as the source of sugar for
people? 3. What plant is the topic of your
plant project?
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Sweets A Plant Specialty
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Sweets A Plant Specialty
Sugar chemist carbohydrate, formula CH2O
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Sweets A Plant Specialty
Sugar chemist carbohydrate, formula CH2O -
many chemicals included in this category
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Sweets A Plant Specialty
Sugar chemist carbohydrate, formula CH2O -
many chemicals included in this category Sugar
consumer the specific sugar sucrose 2 units
(disaccharide) glucose-fructose
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Sweets A Plant Specialty
Sugar chemist carbohydrate, formula CH2O -
many chemicals included in this category Sugar
consumer the specific sugar sucrose 2 units
(disaccharide) glucose-fructose Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose
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Sweets A Plant Specialty
Sugar chemist carbohydrate, formula CH2O -
many chemicals included in this category Sugar
consumer the specific sugar sucrose 2 units
(disaccharide) glucose-fructose Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose Note terminology can get
confusing here mixture of chemical and
colloquial terms Glucose d-Glucose
Dextrose Fructose Glucose - bee sugar (in
honey) inverted sugar
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Primary Plant Sources of Sugar
sugar yield
Sugar Cane Saccharum officinarum 10 10
tons/hectare
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Primary Plant Sources of Sugar
sugar yield
Sugar Cane Saccharum officinarum 10 10
tons/hectare Sugar Beet Beta vulgaris 17
7 tons/hectare
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Primary Plant Sources of Sugar
sugar yield
Sugar Cane Saccharum officinarum 10 10
tons/hectare Sugar Beet Beta vulgaris 17
7 tons/hectare Sorghum Sorghum bicolor Palm
Phoenix dactylifera
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Primary Plant Sources of Sugar
sugar yield
Sugar Cane Saccharum officinarum 10 10
tons/hectare Sugar Beet Beta vulgaris 17
7 tons/hectare Sorghum Sorghum bicolor Palm
Phoenix dactylifera Maple Acer saccharum
8 (sap)
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Where Sugar is Produced
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Sugar Cane
Saccharum officinarum member of Poaceae (Grass
family) Native to Polynesia
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Harvesting Sugar Cane
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Refining Sugar Cane
1. Cane solids are separated from juice
3. Syrup is boiled and sugar is crystallized
2. Juice is processed to concentrate sugar
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Sugar Cane Products
Raw Sugar shipped to country where used,
further refined there
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Sugar Cane Products
Raw Sugar shipped to country where used,
further refined there

• Sugar Types
• standard crystals ? regular sugar (crystal
  size can vary)

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Sugar Cane Products
Raw Sugar shipped to country where used,
further refined there

• Sugar Types
• standard crystals ? regular sugar (crystal
  size can vary)
• ground crystals ( cornstarch) ? powdered
  (confectioners) sugar

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Sugar Cane Products
Raw Sugar shipped to country where used,
further refined there

• Sugar Types
• standard crystals ? regular sugar (crystal
  size can vary)
• ground crystals ( cornstarch) ? powdered
  (confectioners) sugar
• crystals glued with sugar syrup ? sugar cubes

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Sugar Cane Products
Raw Sugar shipped to country where used,
further refined there

• Sugar Types
• standard crystals ? regular sugar (crystal
  size can vary)
• ground crystals ( cornstarch) ? powdered
  (confectioners) sugar
• crystals glued with sugar syrup ? sugar cubes
• crystals mixed with syrup from refining ? brown
  sugar

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Sugar Cane Products
Raw Sugar shipped to country where used,
further refined there

• Sugar Types
• standard crystals ? regular sugar (crystal
  size can vary)
• ground crystals ( cornstarch) ? powdered
  (confectioners) sugar
• crystals glued with sugar syrup ? sugar cubes
• crystals mixed with syrup from refining ? brown
  sugar
• crystals mixed with glucose ? blended sugar
  (cheaper)

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Sugar Cane Products
Raw Sugar shipped to country where used,
further refined there

• Sugar Types
• standard crystals ? regular sugar (crystal
  size can vary)
• ground crystals ( cornstarch) ? powdered
  (confectioners) sugar
• crystals glued with sugar syrup ? sugar cubes
• crystals mixed with syrup from refining ? brown
  sugar
• crystals mixed with glucose ? blended sugar
  (cheaper)
• Byproducts
• Molasses
• syrups of various types

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Sugar Cane History
Sugar Cane domesticated in New Guinea (?)
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Sugar Cane History
Sugar Cane domesticated in New Guinea (?) 2992
B.C. unrefined sugar being produced in India
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Sugar Cane History
Sugar Cane domesticated in New Guinea (?) 2992
B.C. unrefined sugar being produced in
India 642 A.D. Arab-speaking peoples get sugar
refining from Persia
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Sugar Cane History
Sugar Cane domesticated in New Guinea (?) 2992
B.C. unrefined sugar being produced in
India 642 A.D. Arab-speaking peoples get sugar
refining from Persia 11th Century - Crusaders
bring sugar to Europe (1099 in England)
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Sugar Cane History
Sugar Cane domesticated in New Guinea (?) 2992
B.C. unrefined sugar being produced in
India 642 A.D. Arab-speaking peoples get sugar
refining from Persia 11th Century - Crusaders
bring sugar to Europe (1099 in England) Medieval
times Sugar White Gold (1319 - 220/lb in
England)
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Sugar Cane History
Sugar Cane domesticated in New Guinea (?) 2992
B.C. unrefined sugar being produced in
India 642 A.D. Arab-speaking peoples get sugar
refining from Persia 11th Century - Crusaders
bring sugar to Europe (1099 in England) Medieval
times Sugar White Gold (1319 - 220/lb in
England) 1493 Columbus takes sugar cane to West
Indies
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Sugar Cane History
Sugar Cane domesticated in New Guinea (?) 2992
B.C. unrefined sugar being produced in
India 642 A.D. Arab-speaking peoples get sugar
refining from Persia 11th Century - Crusaders
bring sugar to Europe (1099 in England) Medieval
times Sugar White Gold (1319 - 220/lb in
England) 1493 Columbus takes sugar cane to West
Indies 1700s American Sugar Triangle (sugar,
rum, slaves)
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Sugar Cane History
Sugar Cane domesticated in New Guinea (?) 2992
B.C. unrefined sugar being produced in
India 642 A.D. Arab-speaking peoples get sugar
refining from Persia 11th Century - Crusaders
bring sugar to Europe (1099 in England) Medieval
times Sugar White Gold (1319 - 220/lb in
England) 1493 Columbus takes sugar cane to West
Indies 1700s American Sugar Triangle (sugar,
rum, slaves) 1700s Sugar taxation ? Revolution
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Sugar Cane History
Sugar Cane domesticated in New Guinea (?) 2992
B.C. unrefined sugar being produced in
India 642 A.D. Arab-speaking peoples get sugar
refining from Persia 11th Century - Crusaders
bring sugar to Europe (1099 in England) Medieval
times Sugar White Gold (1319 - 220/lb in
England) 1493 Columbus takes sugar cane to West
Indies 1700s American Sugar Triangle (sugar,
rum, slaves) 1700s Sugar taxation ?
Revolution 1800s Sugar beet provides
competition in temperate areas Currently sugar
production subsidized, taxed, politicized
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Napoleon Sweetens the Pot Sugar Beet
Beta vulgaris Chenopodiaceae (Goosefoot Family)
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Sugar Beet Processing
Lewistown, Idaho Sugar Factory, 1905
Caption to Photo 10 year old boys can be very
useful
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Where Sugar is Produced
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North American Sweetener
Acer saccharum Sugar Maple
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Maple Syrup
Sap is collected in early spring Sap is boiled in
sugar house 40 gallons sap ? 1 gallon syrup
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Glucose, Fructose - C6H12O6
glucose fructose fructose - chair

sucrose
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Glucose, Fructose - C6H12O6
Starch - amylose
glucose fructose fructose - chair

sucrose
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Glucose, Fructose - C6H12O6
Starch - amylose
glucose fructose fructose - chair

sucrose
High Fructose Corn Syrup 1. Starch from Corn 2.
Treat with alpha-amylase ? oligosaccharides 3.
Treat with glucoamylase ? glucose 4. Treat with
glucose isomerase ? mixture of glucose and
fructose 5. Enrichment, back-blending to
produce final product
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Glucose, Fructose - C6H12O6
Starch - amylose
glucose fructose fructose - chair

sucrose
High Fructose Corn Syrup 1. Starch from Corn 2.
Treat with alpha-amylase ? oligosaccharides 3.
Treat with glucoamylase ? glucose 4. Treat with
glucose isomerase ? mixture of glucose and
fructose 5. Enrichment, back-blending to
produce final product
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• Non-caloric Sweeteners from Plants
• Glycyrrhizin from licorice root (Glycyrrhiza, a
  legume)
• Used originally to make licorice candy
• 30 x as sweet as table sugar
• more than limited consumption has health
  effects
• potential as an herbal medicine in anti-cancer
  treatments

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• Non-caloric Sweeteners from Plants
• Glycyrrhizin from licorice root (Glycyrrhiza, a
  legume)
• Used originally to make licorice candy
• 30 x as sweet as table sugar
• more than limited consumption has health
  effects
• potential as an herbal medicine in anti-cancer
  treatments
• Stevia from sweetleaf plant, Stevia
• Widespread use in Japan
• regulatory issues, starting to be used
  elsewhere

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• Non-caloric Sweeteners from Plants
• Glycyrrhizin from licorice root (Glycyrrhiza, a
  legume)
• Used originally to make licorice candy
• 30 x as sweet as table sugar
• more than limited consumption has health
  effects
• potential as an herbal medicine in anti-cancer
  treatments
• Stevia from sweetleaf plant, Stevia
• Widespread use in Japan
• regulatory issues, starting to be used
  elsewhere
• Miraculin protein from miracle fruit,
  Synsepalum
• - Not sweet, but modifies taste receptors so
  foods are sweet

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Tuesday March 8 optional assignment. Due
Tuesday March 22. Write a brief paragraph, using
proper English grammar, that explains What was
the Sugar Trade Triangle - what were the major
elements (both geographical and trading items)?
How did it impact the history of the U.S.A.?