Classification of Organisms BIO 138 - Ch. 17

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Classification of OrganismsBIO 138 - Ch. 17
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• Ch. 17, section 1 Classification of Organisms
• -Taxonomy is the science of describing, naming,
  and classifying organisms in an organized
  universally accepted way.
• -Over 2 million species have been classified and
  named.

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• The History of Classification
• -Aristotle (384-322 BC) Grouped
• organisms based on physical
• similarities plants and animals.

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• .
• Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) Developed
  classification system kingdoms (3), classes,
• order, genera, and species.
• -Also given credit for developing
• binomial nomenclature two word
• naming system for an organisms scientific name.

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• Carl Woese University of Illinois, 1928-2012
• -researched rRNA big differences between the
  Monera (bacteria).
• -created three Domains
• Eukarya
• Archaea (bacteria, no peptidoglycan)
• Bacteria (bacteria, have peptidoglycan)

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• Modern System we use today
• 1. Domain
• 2. Kingdom
• 3. Phylum (Division in plant kingdom.)
• 4. Class
• 5. Order
• 6. Family
• 7. Genus
• 8. Species

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• Binomial Nomenclature
• Rules for naming organisms
• 1. First letter of the first word, the genus
  identifier is capitalized all other letters are
  lower case.
• Example Geococcyx
• 2. All of the letters of the second word, the
  species identifier, are lower case.
• Example californianus
• 3. Putting the two words together, you must
  either underline the words or write them in
  italics.
• Example Geococcyx californianus

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The Kingdoms
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The Six Kingdoms

• 1. Protista- eukaryotic, nucleus, unicellular
  multicellular, microscopic, cell wall made of
  cellulose. Examples amoeba, paramecium

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• 2. Fungi- eukaryotic, nucleus, unicellular
  multicellular, cell wall made of chitin.
  Examples molds, mildew, mushrooms. These
  organisms absorb nutrients.

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• 3. Plantae- eukaryotic, nucleus, unicellular
  multicellular, cell wall made of cellulose,
  develop from embryos. Examples plants.
• 4. Animalia- eukaryotic, nucleus, multicellular,
• no cell wall, develop from embryos. Examples
  animals.

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• Monera (prokaryotes)
• 5. Archaebacteria- prokaryotic, no nucleus,
  unicellular bacteria, no peptidoglycans, cell
  wall, live in harsh environments.
• 6. Eubacteria- prokaryotic, no nucleus,
  unicellular bacteria, has peptidoglycans, cell
  wall, types of bacteria we may encounter
  everyday.

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• Domain Eukarya. Cells contain a nucleus.
• Kingdom Animalia. Man is part of the animal
  kingdom, the top grouping.
• Phylum Chordata. This phylum consists of animals
  with spinal cords.
• Class Mammalia. Man is a mammal, a warm-blooded
  animal who bears its young live.
• Order Primates. This order includes humans and
  all apes, monkeys, gorillas, etc.
• Family Hominidae. The hominids include man and
  his closest cousins, chimps and gorillas.
• Genus Homo. The family of man, including our
  extinct predecessors, Homo erectus and the
  neanderthals.
• Species sapiens. You and me.

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• Domain Eukarya
• Kingdom Animalia
• Subkingdom Metazoa
• Phylum Chordata
• Subphylum Vertebrata
• Superclass Tetrapoda
• Class Mammalia
• Subclass Theria
• Infraclass Eutheria
• Order Primates
• Suborder Anthropoidea
• Infraorder Catarrhini
• Superfamily Hominoidea
• Family Hominidae
• Subfamily Homininae
• Tribe Hominini
• Genus Homo
• Species sapiens
• Subspecies sapiens

-Classification of the Modern Human starting with
Domain through Species Scientific Name Homo
sapiens
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• Ch. 17, section 2 Systematics
• For modern day classification, scientists look
  beyond what they can physically see.
• Scientists use Systematics to classify organisms
  in terms of their natural relationships.
• Two methods of systematics
• 1. Phylogenetics
• 2. Cladistics
• Look for similarities in
• physical features (fossil record)
• embryology
• DNA, RNA, and proteins
• chromosomes
• homologous vs. analogous

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• 1. Phylogenetics- the analysis of the
  evolutionary or ancestral relationships.

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• 2. Claudistics- use of shared and derived
  characters as the only criteria for grouping.