(EA) (?? 391)

1
?????? ???????? ????? ?????? (EA) (?? 391) 3
(????) ????? Biological terminologies
literature (Bio 391) (EA) 3 (Three) Units
?.?. ?????? ???? ???? ?. ???? ??????
2

• ?????? ??????
• ?.?. ?????? ???? ????
• ???????
• ??????? ???????? ????? 11-12 ?????????
  11-12
• ?. ???? ??????
• ???????
• ??????? ????????

3

• ???????
• ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????

4
????? ???????
?????? ????????
10 ???? ???
25 ????
10 ???? ????
15 ????? ?????
30 ?????
100 ?????? ???????
5
????? ?? ???????

• ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????
  ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????
  ????????.

• ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????
  ?????????

• ???????

• ???????

• ??????? ????????? ????????

6

• ??? ??????
• ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????
• ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????
  ??????? ??????????? ??????????
• ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????
  ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????
  ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????
• Course Description
• Lectures and readings in special topics in
  Biology are assigned to students out of
  scientific and principle references that improved
  by the Department.
• Students study list of scientific terms in
  Arabic, English and Latin in the field of
  Biology. They ought to know how to acquire
  scientific terms from different resources (
  References, Dictionaries, Abstracts, and
  different electronic media).

7
Terminology
Terminology (termin term, ology science) is
the study of terms and their use. Terms are words
and compound words that are used in specific
contexts.
??? ????????
??? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????????.
????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????
?? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???
??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????.
8
???????? ????????
prefixes and suffixes
9
a-, ab-, an-
without, lacking
??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???
??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???????
?????? acellular
?? ?????? anaerobic
10
ad-
near to, at
?????? ????? ?? ????
Adrenal ???????
11
-ase
enzyme
???? ????? ???? ??????
Nuclease
12
bi-
two
????? ????( ??????)
bilateral
13
bio-
life
?????? ????
Biochemistry ???????? ???????
14
chlor-
Green or or pertaining to chlorine
??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????
???????????? ?? ????????? chloroplast, chloride
15
chrom-
colored
???????
chromosome ??????????
16
cyto-
cell
?????? ? ???????
??????????? cytoplasm
17
-derm-
skin
?????
endoderm, dermis ?????? ? ??????
18
ecto-, exo-
outside, external
??????
ectoderm???? ??????
19
endo-
inside
endoderm????? ???? ??????
20
epi-
outer
??????? ???????
epidermis ??????
21
hist-
tissue
???????
Histology ??? ???????
22
mega-
large
????
megaspore
23
micro-
small
????
microorganism ?????? ????? ????
24
Zoology
Zoology (zoo animal, ology science) is the
branch of biology that relates to the animal
kingdom, including the structure, embryology,
evolution, classification, habits and
distribution of all animals, both living and
extinct.
??? ???????
??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????
???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????
??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????
?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????
25
Botany
Botany plant science is a branch of biology that
involves the scientific study of plant life.
Botany covers a wide range of scientific
disciplines including structure, growth,
reproduction, metabolism.
??? ??????
??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????
???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????
???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????.
26
Entomology
Entomology (entomo insect, ology science) is
the scientific study of insects.
??? ???????
??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????
?????? ???????.
27
Microbiology
Microbiology (micro small, bio life, ology
science) is the study of microorganisms, which
includes eukaryotes such as fungi and prokaryotes
such as bacteria.
??? ??????? ???????
??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????
???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????
????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???
?????????.
28
Bacteriology
Bacteriology (bacter small, ology science) is
the study of bacteria.
??? ????????
??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????????.
29
Mycology
Mycology (myco fungus, ology science) is the
branch of biology concerned with the study of
fungi, including their genetic and biochemical
properties, their taxonomy and their use to
humans as a source for medicines (penicillin),
food (cheese and edible mushrooms) and as well as
their dangers, such as poisoning or infection
??? ????????
??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????
?????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????????
?????????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????
?????? (????????) ??????? (????? ???? ??????)
????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????.
30
Phycology
Phycology (phycos seaweed, ology science) is
the science that studies the algae, a plant-like
organisms. Most types of algae are unicellular,
but some are large and multicellular. Algae are
different from protozoa in that they are
autotrophic.
??? ???????
??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???
?????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ???????
?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????
???????. ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????
????? ???????.
31
Parasitology
Parasitology (para beside, sitos food, ology
science) is the science that studies the
relationship between two organism, one feeds the
other and is called the host and the other is
called the parasite and the relationship between
them is called parasitism
??? ?????????
??? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????
????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ?????????
?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????
????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????
?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????
32
Virology
Virology (virus poison, ology science) is the
study of viruses and virus-like agents their
structure, classification and evolution, their
ways to infect and exploit cells for virus
reproduction, the diseases they cause, the
techniques to isolate and culture them, and their
use in research and therapy.
??? ?????????
??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????
????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????
???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????
?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????
??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????.
33
Pathology
Pathology (pathos suffering, ology science)
is the science that studies the biological
processes that lead to the disease and other
forms of disturbances and pain, the harmful
distortions, and disabilities.
??? ???????
??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ????
???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??
????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????
?????????.
34
Immunology
Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical
science that covers the study of all aspects of
the immune system in all organisms. It deals with
the physiological functioning of the immune
system in states of both health and diseases,
malfunctions of the immune system in
immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases,
hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and
transplant rejection).
??? ???????
??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????
????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????.
??????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??
????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??
??????? ???????? (????? ??????? ???????? ????????
???????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????).
35
Ecology
Ecology (eco house, ology science) is the
scientific study of the relations that living
organisms have with respect to each other and
their natural environment.
??? ??????
??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????
???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???
???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????
???? ??????? ???????.
36
Morphology
Morphology (morph shape, ology science) is a
branch of bioscience dealing with the study of
the form and structure of organisms and their
specific structural features. This includes
aspects of the outward appearance (shape,
structure, colour), as well as the form and
structure of the internal parts like bones and
organs.
??? ????? ???????
??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????
?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???????
???????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????
??????? (????? ??????? ??????)? ???? ?? ??? ?????
??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????.
37
Anatomy
Anatomy (ana separate, temnein cut open) is
a branch of biology that is the consideration of
the structure of living things. It is a general
term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy
(zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytotomy).
???????
??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????
???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????
????????. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????
?????? ?????? ?????.
38
Histology
Histology (histo tissue, ology science) is
the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and
tissues of plants and animals. It is performed by
examining a thin slice (section) of tissue under
a light microscope or electron microscope.
??? ???????
??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????
?????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ???? ??? ???
????? ????? (???) ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???
???? ????????.
39
Cytology
Cytology (kytos a hollow, ology science) is
that branch of life science, which deals with the
study of cells in terms of structure, function
and chemistry.
??? ???????
??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????
?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????
?????????.
40
Embryology
Embryology (embryo unborn, ology science) is
a science which is about the development of an
embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the
fetus stage.
??? ??????
??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??
????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????
41
Taxonomy
Taxonomy (arrangement) is the practice and
science of classification or the result of it.
Taxonomy uses taxonomic units, known as taxa,
singular taxon.
??? ???????
??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????
??????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????
??????? ?????? ???????.
42
Physiology
Physiology is the science of the function of
living systems. This includes how organisms,
organ systems, organs, cells and biomolecules
carry out the chemical or physical functions that
exist in a living system.
??? ????? ???????
??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????
???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????
?? ???????? ?? ?????????.
43
Molecular biology
Molecular biology is the branch of biology that
deals with the molecular basis of biological
activity. This field overlaps with other areas of
biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and
biochemistry. Molecular biology chiefly concerns
itself with understanding and the interactions
between the various systems of a cell, including
the interactions between the different types of
DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis as well as
learning how these interactions are regulated.
??? ?????????? ????????
??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???
??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???
??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????????
??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ????
?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????
????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????
???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????
????????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????
???????? ???????.
44
abiotic stress
The effect of non-living factors which can harm
living organisms. These non-living factors
include drought, extreme temperatures,
pollutants, etc
??????? ??????????
????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????????
?????. ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????
??????? ??????? ????????? ...???
45
biotic stress
Stress resulting from attack by pathogenic
organisms.
??????? ????????
????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????
46
Acclimatization
The adaptation of a living organism (plant,
animal or micro-organism) to a changed
environment that subjects it to physiological
stress. Acclimatization should not be confused
with adaptation
??????? ???????
????? ??????? ???????? ????? (???????? ??????????
?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????
???????????. ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????
??????
47
Adaptation
Adjustment of a population to changed
environment over generations, associated (at
least in part) with genetic changes resulting
from selection imposed by the changed
environment. Not acclimatization
??????
???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???
?????? ?????? (??? ????? ?????) ?? ????????
???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ??????
????????. ??? ???? ???? ???????.
48
Adaptation traits In AnGR
   The complex of traits related to reproduction
and survival of the individual in a particular
production environment. Adaptation traits
contribute to individual fitness they are the
traits subjected to selection during the
evolution of animal genetic resources. By
definition, these traits are also important to
the ability of the animal genetic resource to be
sustained in the production environment. (Based
on FAO, 1999)
???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????
?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??
???? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????
?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???????
????????? ????????. ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??
???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??
???? ???????. (??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????
1999)
49
Adaptive radiation
  The evolution of new forms, sub-species or
species from one species of plant or animal in
order to exploit new habitats or food sources.
a.k.a. divergent evolution.
?????? ???????
???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???
???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????
????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????
50
acquired 
Developed in response to the environment, not
inherited, such as a character trait (acquired
characteristic) resulting from environmental
effect(s). cf acclimatization
?????
????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ? ???
??? ??? (??? ??????) ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???
???????
51
active collection  In PGR
Defined in the International Undertaking on Plant
Genetic Resources (FAO, 1983) as a collection
which complements a base collection (q.v.) and is
a collection from which seed samples are drawn
for distribution, exchange and other purposes
such as multiplication and evaluation
?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????
?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????
???????? ???????? (FAO, 1983) ????????? ???? ????
???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????
???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????
?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????
52
activator 
 1. A substance or physical agent that stimulates
transcription of a specific gene or operon. 2.
A compound that, by binding to an allosteric site
on an enzyme, enables the active site of the
enzyme to bind to the substrate.
????
1- ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? (???)
???? ?? ??????? operon.2- ???? ???????? ???
???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????
?? ?????? ?????????
53
active site
  1. A site on the surface of a catalyst at which
activity occurs. 2. The site on the surface of
an enzyme molecule that binds the substrate
molecule.
?????? ?????
1- ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? (??????) ???? ???
??? ??????. 2- ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????
????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????
54
addendum
(pl addenda)  In formulation of tissue culture
media an item or a constituent substance to be
added
?????
(??? ??????) ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????
??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????.
55
additive allelic effects
  Effects of alleles at a locus, where the
heterozygote is exactly intermediate between the
two homozygotes.
??? ???????? ???????
??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????
(heterozygote) ???? ??? ?????????? ?????????
(homozygotes).
56
additive gene effects
  Additive allelic effects summed across all the
loci that contribute to genetic variation in a
quantitative trait.
??? ??????? ???????
?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????
???? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????
??????.
57
adsorbent
  Noun A substance to which compounds adhere. In
tissue culture, an adsorbent is added to the
culture medium to adsorb compounds released by
cultured cells or tissues, thus minimizing any
adverse effect on the subsequent growth in
culture. A common adsorbent in tissue culture is
activated charcoal
??????
(???). ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????. ?? ????
????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???
??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????
???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? (???) ???
??? ????????. ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??
?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????
58
adsorption  
The formation of a layer of gas, liquid or solid
on the surface of a solid.
????????
????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???
???.
59
activated charcoal activated carbon
Charcoal which has been treated to remove
hydrocarbons and to increase its adsorptive
properties. It acts by condensing and holding a
gas or solute onto its surface thus inhibitory
substances in nutrient medium may be adsorbed to
charcoal included in the medium. Rooting factors
such as phenolamines present as contaminants in
charcoal may stimulate growth in vitro. Its
addition to rooting medium may stimulate root
initiation in some plant species. Activated
charcoal may differ in origin and in composition.
60
????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????
????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ??????
????? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ????????
???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????
??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????.
?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????
???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????
???? ????? ????. ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????
?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????. ?????
????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????.
61
adhesion
(L. adhaerere, to stick to)  The attraction of
dissimilar molecules for each other. A sticking
together of unlike substances, such as soil and
water.
??????
(?? ????????? adhaerere???? ??????) ??? ??????
????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ??? ???????
??? ?????? ??????.
62
adventitious
(L. adventitius, not properly belonging to)  A
structure arising at sites other than the usual
ones, e.g., shoots from roots or leaves, and
embryos from any cell other than a zygote.
????
(L. adventitious) ? ?? ????? ???? ????) ?????
???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????
??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????
??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????
63
aerobic bacteria
  Bacteria that can live in the presence of
oxygen.
????????? ????????
?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????????.
64
aerobic respiration  
A type of respiration in which food stuffs are
completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water,
with the release of chemical energy, in a process
requiring atmospheric oxygen.
?????? ???????
??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????
??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????
???????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?????.
65
aerobic 
 Active in the presence of free oxygen
?????
??? ?? ???? ???????? ????.
66
agar
A polysaccharide solidifying agent used in
nutrient media preparations and obtained from
certain types of red algae (Rhodophyta). Both the
type of agar and its concentration can affect the
growth and appearance of cultured explants
????
???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ?? ?????
????? ?? ??????? ??????? (Rhodophyta) . ?? ?? ??
??? ?????? ?????? (??????) ?? ????? ??????? ????
??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.
67
agarose 
 The main constituent of agar
??????
?????? ??????? ??????.
68
agarose gel electrophoresis
  A process in which a matrix composed of a
highly purified form of agar is used to separate
larger DNA and RNA molecules.
????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????
????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? RNA
?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? DNA ???????
????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????.
69
agonist  
A drug, hormone or transmitter substance that
forms a complex with a receptor site that is
capable of triggering an active response from a
cell
???? ????? (????)
???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????
???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????
??????? ???? ?? ????
70
Agrobacterium  
A genus of bacteria that includes several plant
pathogenic species, causing tumour-like symptoms.
????????? (??????)
??? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????
??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????
????????.
71
Agrobacterium tumefaciens A bacterium that causes
crown gall disease in some plants. The bacterium
infects a wound, and injects a short stretch of
DNA into some of the cells around the wound. The
DNA comes from a large plasmid - the Ti (tumour
induction) plasmid - a short region of which
(called T-DNA, transferred DNA) is transferred
to the plant cell, where it causes the cell to
grow into a tumour-like structure. The T-DNA
contains genes which inter alia allows the
infected plant cells to make two unusual
compounds, nopaline and octopine, that are
characteristic of transformed cells. The cells
form a gall, which hosts the bacterium. This
DNA-transfer mechanism is exploited in the
genetic engineering of plants. The Ti plasmid is
modified so that a foreign gene is transferred
into the plant cell along with or instead of the
nopaline synthesis genes. When the bacterium is
cultured with isolated plant cells or with
wounded plant tissues, the "new" gene is injected
into the cells and ends up integrated into the
chromosomes of the plant.
72
????????? ????? (???????? ???????) ??????? ????
??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????????. ??????? ????
????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????
????? ????????? DNA ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????.
???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? DNA ??
??????? ???? Ti (????? ????? ?? ???? ?????).
????????? ?????? ????? Ti plasmid ??? ?????
????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????
(T-DNA, transferred DNA) ????? ??? ???????
???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???
??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????
?????? (T-DNA) ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????
??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???
????????? ?????????? nopaline and octopine)) ???
??? ?? ??????? ????????. ???? ??????? ??? ??????
????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????
?????? (T-DNA) ?????? ?? ????\?? ????????
????????. ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? (Ti
plasmid) ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????
??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????
?????????. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??
?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????
?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??????
????????.
73
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation
  A naturally occurring process of DNA transfer
from the bacterium A. tumefaciens to plants.
?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????
????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????????
DNA ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????.
74
agrobiodiversity agricultural biological
diversity  
That component of biodiversity that is relevant
to food and agriculture production. The term
agrobiodiversity encompasses within-species,
species and ecosystem diversity. (Based on FAO,
1999)
?????? ?????? ???????
???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????
??????? ????????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????
???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????
???????. (??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????
1999)
75
aerate
  To supply with or mix with air or gas. The
process is aeration
?????
??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ???????
???????
76
aerobe 
 A micro-organism that grows in the presence of
oxygen. Opposite anaerobe.
???????? ???????
?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????. ????? ?? ?????
77
Aerobe
An organism that grows in the presence of O2 may
be facultative or obligate
?????
?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????????. ??? ???? ???????
?? ??????.
78
Aeroaquatic
Term applied to aquatic fungi that produce
conidia above the water surface
????? ????
????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????
(?????) ??????? ??? ??? ?????
79
Aerosol
Suspension of particles in airborne water
droplets.
???? ???
?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????.
80
airlift fermenter
  A cylindrical fermentation vessel in which the
cells are mixed by air introduced at the base of
the vessel and that rises through the column of
culture medium. The cell suspension circulates
around the column as a consequence of the
gradient of air bubbles in different parts of the
reactor
???? ???? ??????
???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????
?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????
????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????
????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??
???????.
81
ß-DNA
  The normal form of DNA found in biological
systems. It exists as a right-handed helix
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? (ß-DNA)
??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????
????????? (DNA) ??????? ?? ????? ??????????. ????
?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????.
82
binding 
 The ability of molecules to stick to each other
because of the exact shape and chemical nature of
parts of their surfaces. Many biological
molecules bind extremely tightly and specifically
to other molecules enzymes to their substrates
antibodies to their antigens DNA strands to
their complementary strands and so on. Binding
can be characterized by a binding constant or
association constant (Ka), or its inverse, the
dissociation constant (Kd).
???????? (?????)
???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????
????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??????
?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????
??????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? (??????)?
??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????
?????? ?????? ????? ????????? (DNA) ???????
?????????? ???? ???. ???????? ???? ????? ????????
?? ???? ??????? (Ka)? ?? ??????? ????? ??????
(Kd).
83
bio-assay
  A procedure for the assessment of a substance
by measuring its effect in living cells or on
organisms. Animals have been used extensively in
drug research in bio-assays for the
pharmacological activity of drugs. However,
bio-assays are now usually developed using
bacteria or animal or plant cells, as these are
usually much easier to handle than whole animals
or plants, are cheaper to make and keep, and
avoid the ethical problems associated with
testing of animals. Sometimes used to detect
minute amounts of substances that influence or
are essential to growth.
84
?????? ?????
????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????
????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????. ??? ???????
????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????
???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??? ???
?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????
???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????
?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??
??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????
????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????
??????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????
????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????.
85
biodegradation 
  The breakdown by living organisms of a compound
to its chemical constituents. Materials that can
be easily biodegraded are colloquially termed
biodegradable
??????? (??????) ?????????
????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???
???????? ??????????. ?????? ???? ???? ???????
??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????.
86
bio-ethics
  The branch of ethics that deals with the life
sciences and their potential impact on society.
At one extreme, it can be enormously useful in
focusing attention on problems that need to be
confronted at the other extreme, it can become a
name-calling argument between the
"pro-biotechnology" and "anti-biotechnology"
schools of thought.
?????????? ???????
??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????
??????? ??? ???????. ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????
?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????
??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????
???????? ??? "???????? ?????????? ??? ???????????
???????.
87
albinism
 Hereditary absence of pigment in an organism.
Albino animals have no colour in their skin, hair
and eyes. The term is also used for absence of
chlorophyll in plants
?????
?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????. ???? ???
????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????.
??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ??
????????.
albino
  1. An organism lacking pigmentation, due to
genetic factors. The condition is albinism,

2. A conspicuous
plastome (plastid) mutant involving loss of
chlorophyll.
??????
1- ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????
?????. 2- ???? ????? ?? ???????????
?????? ???????
88
aleurone  
The outermost layer of the endosperm in a seed.
???????
?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????
89
algal biomass
  Single-celled plants, such as Chlorella spp.
and Spirulina spp., are grown commercially in
ponds to make feed materials. Chlorella is grown
commercially to make into fish food it is fed to
zooplankton, and these in turn are harvested as
feed for fish farms. This is a means of
converting sunlight into food in a way more
convenient and controllable than normal farming
?????? ??????? ???????
??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? Chlorella
spp. ? Spirulina spp. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??
????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ????????? ??????
??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ???????
?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????
????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????.
??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????
?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????
90
allele
(Gr. allelon, of one another, mutually each
other) allelomorph (adj allelic,
allelomorphic). One of a pair, or series, of
variant forms of a gene that occur at a given
locus in a chromosome. Alleles are symbolized
with the same basic symbol (e.g., B for dominant
and b for recessive) B1, B2, ..., Bn for n
additive alleles at a locus). In a normal diploid
cell there are two alleles of any one gene (one
from each parent), which occupy the same relative
position (locus) on homologous chromosomes.
Within a population there may be more than two
alleles of a gene. See multiple alleles
91
???? (????- ?????- ????)
(??? ??????allelon ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??
?????)? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????
(????????). ???? ??? ?????? (??? ???????).
??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??
??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????????.
????? ???????? ?????? (?????) ??????? (??? ?????
?????? B ?????? ??????? ??????? b ??????
????????) ????? ) B1?B2 ? ... ???????? ??????? ??
??????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????
???????? ??????? (???? ?? ?? ?? ????????) ?????
?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??
???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????
92
Algae
A large group of chlorophyllous eucaryotic
microorganisms.
???????
?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???
??????? ????????.
93
Algicide
A chemical substance that is lathal to algae.
???? ?????
???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????.
94
Anaerobe
An organism that grows in the absence of oxygen.
?? ?????
???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????.
95
Antiactinomycetal
Substance that links or inhibits the growth of
the prokaryotic microorganisms (Actinomycetes).
???? ???????????????
???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????
???????? (???????????????).
96
Antibiotic
A chemical agent produced by one microorganism
that is harmful to other organisms.
???? ????
???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????.
97
Antimicrobial
Harmful to the microorganisms by either killing
or inhibiting growth.
???? ???????
?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??
?????? ?????.
98
Antiseptic
An agent that kills or inhibits growth of
microorganisms but is not harmful to human
tissues.
????
???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????????
??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????.
99
Archaebacteria
A group of unusual procaryotes, including the
methanogenic, extremely halophilic and
thermoacidophilic bacteria.
???????? ???????
?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????
???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????
??????? ??????? ????????? ???
100
Aseptic technique
Laboratory procedures that prevent contamination.
????? ???????
??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????.
101
Autolysis
Spontaneous lysis due to action of own enzymes
self dissolution of tissue which undergoes after
death of their cells.
???? ????
???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????
?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????.
102
Bacteriophage
A virus that infects bacteria.
???? (?????) ??????
??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????.
103
bacteriophage
  A virus that infects bacteria. Also called
simply phage. Altered forms are used in DNA
cloning work, where they are convenient vectors.
The bacteriophages most used are derived from two
"wild" phages, called M13 and lambda (?). Lambda
phages are used to clone segments of DNA in the
range of around 10-20 kb. They are lytic phages,
i.e., they replicate by lysing their host cell
and releasing more phages. On a bacteriological
plate, this results in a small clear zone - a
plaque. Some lambda vectors have also been
developed which are expression vectors. The M13
system can grow inside a bacterium, so that it
does not destroy the cell it infects but causes
it to make new phages continuously. It is a
single-stranded DNA phage, and is used for the
Sanger di-deoxy DNA sequencing method Both of
these phages grow on Escherichia coli as a host
bacterium
104
???? (?????) ????????
???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????. ?????? ???????
??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????
????????? (DNA) ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????.
????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????
???????? (phages) "??????" ? 13 (M13) ???????
(?). ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????
?????? ?????? ????? ????????? (DNA) ?? ??? 10-20
??????? (10000-20000 ?????). ?? ?????? ?????? ??
??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????
????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????
?????????????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????
?????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ? 13 (M13) ????
????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????
???? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??????
????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????
??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????
????????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???????? ?? ??????
??????? (Escherichia coli) ??????? ?????.
105
Bactericidal
Capable of killing bacteria.
???? ????????
?? ?????? ??? ??? ????????.
106
Bacteriostatic
Capable of inhibiting bacterial growth without
killing it.
???? ???? ????????
?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????.
107
batch culture
  A suspension culture in which cells grow in a
finite volume of liquid nutrient medium and
follow a sigmoid pattern of growth. cf continuous
culture batch fermentation
????? ????????
????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???
??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????.
???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????.
108
batch fermentation
  A process in which cells or micro-organisms are
grown for a limited time. At the beginning of the
fermentation, an inoculum is introduced into
fresh medium, with no addition or removal of
medium for the duration of the process.
?????? ??????
??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????
??????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ???? ?? ???
????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????
????? ???? ???????
109
?????? ?????
????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????
????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????. ??? ???????
????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????
???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??? ???
?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????
???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????
?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??
??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????
????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????
??????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????
????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????.
110
base pair
(bp)  The two strands that constitute DNA are
held together by specific hydrogen bonding
between purines and pyrimidines (A pairs with T
and G pairs with C). The size of a nucleic acid
molecule is often described in terms of the
number of base pairs (symbol bp) or thousand
base pairs (kilobase pairs symbol kb a more
convenient unit) it contains.
??? ???????
???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????
?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ???
????? A ?? T ? G?? C. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????
???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? (bp) ?? ???? ?? ?????
??????? ???? ????? (ltkb gtkilobase pairs) ????
???????
111
(No Transcript)
112
(No Transcript)
113
Biodegradable
Capable of being broken down by living organisms,
usually used in reference to artificial organic
compounds such as pesticides.
?????? ??????? ????????
?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????
?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????
??? ????????.
114
Colony
A group of individuals of the same species living
in close association.
???????
?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????.
115
Conjugation
In bacteria, gene transfer preceded by a union of
two bacterial cells.
???????
???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ??????
?????????.
116
Contractile vacuole
A vacuole capable of expansion and contraction
having importance in the process of excretion as
carried out by many unicellular organisms.
???? ?????
?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????
???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????
?? ???????? ????? ??????.
117
Culture
A particular strain or kind of organism growing
in a laboratory medium.
?????
??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????.
118
Decomposers
Organisms that obtain their energy through the
enzymatic break down of dead organic matter,
usually fungi or bacteria.
????????
???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???
?? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????
?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????.
119
Dermatophyte
Fungal parasite that grows on the skin of mammals.
???? ?????
???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??
??????? ???????.
120
Disinfectant
An agent that kills microorganisms but may be
harmful to human tissue.
????
???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????
???????.
121
Dormancy
A condition in which the life processes are
slowed down, usually for the purpose of temporary
surviving.
??????
???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????
???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????.
122
Endemic
A disease that is constantly present in low
numbers in a population.
?????? (?????)
??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????.
123
Epidemic
A disease occurring in an unusual number of
individuals in a community at the same time.
?????
??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????
?? ??? ????.
124
Eucaryotic
An organism in which the cells contain true
nuclei, each bounded by a nuclear envelope and in
which various organelles (such as plastids and
mitochondria) are also membrane-bound.
????? ??????
???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???
???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????????
?????????????? ????? ????? ??????.
125
Exotoxin
A toxin released extracellularly.
?? ?????
?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????.
126
Infection
The growth of an organism within the body.
??????
??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???.
127
Inhibition
Prevention of growth or function.
???????
??? ????? ?? ???????.
128
Inhibitor
A substance that inhibits a process.
?????
???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????.
129
Inoculum
Material used to initiate a microbial culture.
????
???? (?????? ?? ??? ?????) ?????? ???????? ?????
????????.
130
In vitro
All of the experiments are conducted outside the
body of any organism, occurring in an artificial
environment.
???? ????? ????
?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??
?? ??? ?????.
131
In vivo
All of the experiments conducted in the living
cells, within the living body of an organism.
???? ????? ????
?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????
??? ?? ????.
132
Mutation
A sudden inheritable change in the phenotype of
an organism.
??????
????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????.
133
Mycosis
Any disease induced by a fungus.
??? ????
?? ??? ????? ??? ????????.
134
Mycotoxins
Organic substances produced by some fungi that
are toxic to other organisms.
?????? ?????
???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????
???????? ??????.
135
Obligate parasite
An organism which must obtain food only from
living protoplasm. Obligate parasites can not
grow in culture on non-living media.
???? ??????
???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ????
?????? ??? ????? ??? ???.
136
Pasteurization
A process using mild heat to reduce the microbial
level in heat-sensitive materials.
???????
????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????
??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????.
137
Pathogen
An organism able to inflect damage on a host it
infects.
???????
???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????
?????.
138
Phagocyte
A body cell able to ingest and digest foreign
particles.
?????? (???? ????)
???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????
???????.
139
Phagocytosis
Process of engulfing of food such as bacteria or
other cells by another cell a common practice in
protozoa.
???????
????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????
?????? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ????? ????? ???
????????.
140
Saprophyte
A heterotrophic organism that derives its food
from the dead tissues and products of plants and
animals.
?????
???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????
?????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
141
Sterile
Free of living organisms.
????
???? ?? ???????? ?????
142
Sterilization
Treatment resulting in death of all living
organisms and viruses in a material.
?????
?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????
???????? ?? ?? ????
143
Vaccine
Material used to induce antibody formation
resulting in immunity.
????
???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????
???????? ????? ???????.
144
Viable count
Measurement of the concentration of live cells in
a microbial population.
???? ??????
???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???????.