Myers

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Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed)

• Chapter 9
• Motivation
• James A. McCubbin, PhD
• Clemson University
• Worth Publishers

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Motivation

• Motivation
• a need or desire that energizes and directs
  behavior
• Instinct
• complex behavior that is rigidly patterned
  throughout a species and is unlearned

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Motivation

• Drive-Reduction Theory
• the idea that a physiological need creates an
  aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an
  organism to satisfy the need

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Motivation

• Homeostasis
• tendency to maintain a balanced or constant
  internal state
• regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around
  a particular level
• Incentive
• a positive or negative environmental stimulus
  that motivates behavior

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

• begins at the base with physiological needs that
  must first be satisfied
• then higher-level safety needs become active
• then psychological needs become active

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Motivation-Hunger

• Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of
  hunger

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Motivation-Hunger

• Glucose
• the form of sugar that circulates in the blood
• provides the major source of energy for body
  tissues
• when its level is low, we feel hunger

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Motivation-Hunger

• Set Point
• the point at which an individuals weight
  thermostat is supposedly set
• when the body falls below this weight, an
  increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate
  may act to restore the lost weight
• Metabolic Rate
• bodys base rate of energy expenditure

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Motivation-Hunger

• The hypothalamus controls eating and other body
  maintenance functions

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Eating Disorders

• Anorexia Nervosa
• when a normal-weight person diets and becomes
  significantly underweight, yet, still feeling
  fat, continues to starve
• usually an adolescent female
• Bulimia Nervosa
• disorder characterized by private binge-purge
  episodes of overeating, usually of highly caloric
  foods, followed by vomiting or laxative use

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Eating Disorders- Anorexia Nervosa

• when a person is less than 85 of their normal
  body weight
• 95 of sufferers are female
• most are between the ages of 18-30
• 30 of persons diagnosed with anorexia nervosa die

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Weight Discrimination

• When women applicants were made to look
  overweight, subjects were less willing to hire

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Weight Control

• Effects of a severe diet

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Weight Control

• Most lost weight is regained

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Weight Control

• Obesity is more common among those who watch the
  most television

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Sexual Motivation

• Sex is a physiologically based motive, like
  hunger, but it is more affected by learning and
  values

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Sexual Motivation

• Sexual Response Cycle
• the four stages of sexual responding described by
  Masters and Johnson
• excitement
• plateau
• orgasm
• resolution
• Refractory Period
• resting period after orgasm, during which a man
  cannot achieve another orgasm

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The Sexual Response Cycle
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Sexual Motivation

• Estrogen
• a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by
  females than by males

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Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation
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Sexual Disorders

• Problems that consistently impair sexual arousal
  or functioning
• In Men
• premature ejaculation
• ejaculation before they or their partners wish
• impotence
• inability to have or maintain erection
• In Women
• orgasmic disorder
• infrequent or absent orgasms

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Sexual Motivation

• Sexual Orientation
• an enduring sexual attraction toward members of
  either ones own gender (homosexual orientation)
  or the other gender (heterosexual orientation)

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Motivation

• Achievement Motivation
• a desire for significant accomplishment
• for mastery of things, people, or ideas
• for attaining a high standard
• McClelland and Atkinson believed fantasies would
  reflect achievement concerns

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Motivation

• Intrinsic Motivation
• desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and
  to be effective
• Extrinsic Motivation
• desire to perform a behavior due to promised
  rewards or threats of punishment

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Rewards Affect Motivation
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Motivation

• Task Leadership
• goal-oriented leadership that sets standards,
  organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
• Social Leadership
• group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork,
  mediates conflict, and offers support