Myers

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Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)

• Social Psychology

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Social Thinking

• Social Psychology
• scientific study of how we think about,
  influence, and relate to one another
• _____________ Theory
• tendency to give a causal explanation for
  someones behavior, often by crediting either the
  situation or the persons disposition

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Social Thinking

• People on welfare are lazy freeloaders.
• Society is not to blame for crime, criminals
  are.

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Social Thinking

• Fundamental ______________ Error
• tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers
  behavior, to underestimate the impact of the
  situation and to overestimate the impact of
  personal disposition
• Attitude
• belief and feeling that predisposes one to
  respond in a particular way to objects, people
  and events

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Social Thinking

• Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes
  as well as by external social influences

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Social Thinking

• ___________________ Phenomenon
• tendency for people who have first agreed to a
  small request to comply later with a larger
  request
• Drive carefully signs
• Role
• set of expectations about a social position
• defines how those in the position ought to behave

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The Roles We Play

• What are some of the roles you play in your life?
  (ie mother, son, student, woman, boyfriend)
• What are the social expectations of this role?
• Do these roles conflict with other roles in your
  life?

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Social Thinking

• Cognitive _________________Theory
• we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we
  feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are
  inconsistent
• example- when we become aware that our attitudes
  and our actions clash, we can reduce the
  resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
• Implications on our lives change behavior

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Social Thinking

• Cognitive dissonance

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Social Influence

• In what ways do we conform to social pressures?
• Peer Pressure
• Parental Pressure
• Societal Pressure

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Social Influence

• ______________________
• adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide
  with a group standard
• Normative Social Influence
• influence resulting from a persons desire to
  gain approval or avoid disapproval

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Social Influence

• Aschs conformity experiments

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Social Influence

• _________________ Social Influence
• influence resulting from ones willingness to
  accept others opinions about reality

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Obedience

• ___________________
• Participants were instructed to give a shock to
  an individual upon giving an incorrect answer
• These shocks increased in intensity and
  ultimately the person being shocked would scream
  out in pain
• The experimenter would instruct the participant
  to continue
• _______ fully obeyed the experimenters commands

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Social Influence

• Milgrams follow-up obedience experiment

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What would you have done?

• Think about a time in your life when you had to
  stand up to someone or something. A time when
  you were under pressure to conform. What enabled
  you to resist the temptation to conform? Or did
  you conform? And Why?

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Social Influence

• Some individuals resist social coercion

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Social Influence
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Social Influence
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Social Influence

• Social ________________
• improved performance of tasks in the presence of
  others
• occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not
  with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
• Social __________________
• tendency for people in a group to exert less
  effort when pooling their efforts toward
  attaining a common goal than when individually
  accountable

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Social Facilitation
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Social Influence

• Group _________________
• enhancement of a groups prevailing attitudes
  through discussion within the group
• Groupthink
• mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for
  harmony in a decision-making group overrides
  realistic appraisal of alternatives

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Social Influence

• If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens
  its prevailing opinions

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Social Relations

• Cultural/Ethnic Identity
• How do you identify yourself ethnically?
• How have people in your life responded to your
  ethnicity or race?

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Social Relations

• __________________
• an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude
  toward a group and its members
• involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings,
  and a predisposition to discriminatory action

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Social Relations

• Stereotype
• a generalized (sometimes accurate, but often
  overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
• __________________
• unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or
  its members

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Social Relations

• Does perception change with race?

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Social Relations

• Americans today express much less racial and
  gender prejudice

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Social Relations

• Ingroup
• Us- people with whom one shares a common
  identity
• Outgroup
• Them- those perceived as different or apart
  from ones ingroup

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Social Relations

• Ingroup Bias
• _______________________________
• Scapegoat Theory
• theory that prejudice provides an outlet for
  anger by providing someone to blame
• _______________ Phenomenon
• tendency of people to believe the world is just
• people get what they deserve and deserve what
  they get

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Social Relations

• Vivid cases (9/11 terrorists) feed stereotypes

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Social Relations

• Aggression
• any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt
  or destroy
• ____________________ Principle
• principle that frustration the blocking of an
  attempt to achieve some goal creates anger,
  which can generate aggression

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Social Relations
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Social Relations

• Conflict
• perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or
  ideas
• ___________Trap
• a situation in which the conflicting parties, by
  each rationally pursuing their self-interest,
  become caught in mutually destructive behavior

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Social Relations- Attractiveness

• _______________ Effect
• repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases
  liking of them
• Conceptions of attractiveness vary by culture

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Social Relations

• Passionate Love
• an aroused state of intense positive absorption
  in another
• usually present at the beginning of a love
  relationship
• _________________ Love
• deep affectionate attachment we feel for those
  with whom our lives are intertwined

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Social Relations

• Equity
• a condition in which people receive from a
  relationship in proportion to what they give to
  it
• _________-Disclosure
• revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
• ______________
• unselfish regard for the welfare of others

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Social Relations

• _____________
• tendency for any given bystander to be less
  likely to give aid if other bystanders are
  present

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Social Relations

• The decision-making process for bystander
  intervention

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Social Relations

• _____________________ Theory
• the theory that our social behavior is an
  exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize
  benefits and minimize costs
• Superordinate Goals
• shared goals that override differences among
  people and require their cooperation