Cells

1
Cells

• Georgia High School Graduation Test Science
  Review
• Ashley Kirby

2
Introduction

• From the key vocabulary, circle the words that
  you can already define or use in a sentence.
• Write down two or three things that you think are
  important for you to know today.

3
What is biology?

• The study of living things
• What is considered living?
• anything that has the ability to nourish, grow,
  and reproduce
• cells must be present

4
Cell Theory

• The cell is considered the basic unit of life.
• All living things contain at least one cell.
• Cells come from pre-existing cells.

5
Sample Question

• What structures can be identified in a typical
  animal or plant cell?

6
Plant Cells versus Animal Cells

• PLANT CELL

• ANIMAL CELL

7
Plant Cells versus Animal Cells

• PLANT CELLS
• cell wall (provides structure)
• chloroplast (location of photosynthesis/ energy
  production)

• ANIMAL CELLS
• centrioles (responsible for cell reproduction)

8
Organelles Common to Both
STRUCTURE FUNCTION
nucleus control of all cell activities location of DNA
mitochondria energy production
Golgi complex (apparatus) assembles, sorts, and transports cell products
ribosome protein synthesis
chromosome composed of DNA containing genetic material
9
Cell Organelles, continued
STRUCTURE FUNCTION
cell membrane phospholipid bilayer maintains homeostasis protects the cell
lysosome digests old cells and food (cleans up the cell)
endoplasmic reticulum produces, stores, and transports protein (rough) and lipids (smooth)
flagella/cilia movement of materials
10
Sample Question

• Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

11
ProkaryotesPro-No

• No true nucleus
• No membrane-bound organelles
• No well-organized membrane

12
ProkaryotesPro-No

• All prokaryotes are bacteria and all bacteria are
  prokaryotes
• Prokaryotes bacteria (Monera)

13
EukaryotesEu-True

• True nucleus
• Well organized membrane
• Membrane bound organelles

14
EukaryotesEu-True

• Most plants and animals and other specialized
  organisms

15
Sample Question

1. Compare and contrast active and passive transport
   in at least 4 ways.

16
Active versus Passive Transport

• ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• requires energy (low concentration to high)
• endocytosis and exocytosis
• active transport (ATP is used)

• PASSIVE TRANSPORT
• diffusion (particles from high concentration to
  low)
• osmosis (water from high concentration to low)
• facilitated transport (diffusion using a membrane
  protein)

17
Sample Question

1. Define each of the following carbohydrates,
   lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

18
Organic Compounds
ORGANIC COMPOUND DEFINITION FUNCTION
carbohydrates sugars and starches provide energy
lipids fats (insoluble in water) store energy
proteins amino acids responsible for most cell functions
nucleic acids DNA and RNA store hereditary information
19
Sample Question

1. Describe the role of the cell membrane in
   maintaining homeostasis.

20
Homeostasis

• The maintenance of a constant, stable environment
  internally
• example body temperature

21
Cell Membrane and Homeostasis

• utilizes active and passive transport
• diffusion and osmosis depends on environment
  (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)

22
Hydrophobic versus Hydrophilic

• Hydrophobic
• water-fearing
• outside of cell

• Hydrophilic
• water-loving
• inside of cell

23
Discussion

• If the cell were a community, what components
  would a cell have to have to function as a
  community? (boundariespolitical, transportation,
  energy source)

24
Lesson Summarized

• Write a sentence that explains the system
  discussed.
• Draw a graphic organizer that shows the
  relationship of the cell parts to the whole cell.