Cells

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Cells Cornell Notes
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Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
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Definition of Cell

• A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of
  performing life functions.
• A cell is the basic unit of life.

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The Cell Theory

• The cell is the basic unit of structure of all
  living things.
• All living things are made up of cells.
• The cell is the basic unit of function of all
  living things.
• Cells come from pre-existing cells.

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There are two types of cells

• Prokaryotic- cells that DO NOT have a nucleus or
  other cell ORGANELLES. They are primitive.
• Eukaryotic- cells with a NUCLEUS cell
  ORGANELLES. They are more advanced and have more
  parts.
• Which is more complicated?
• REMEMBER YOU ARE EUKARYOTIC!

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Prokaryotic

• Do not have structures surrounded by membranes
• NO nucleus
• Few internal structures
• Examples one-celled organisms, bacteria

http//library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_
cells.html
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Eukaryotic

• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Have a nucleus
• Most living organisms. Examples animal, plant,
  fungus

Plant
Animal
http//library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_c
ells.html
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Cell Parts

• Organelles

Organelles are specialized structures like
little organs which perform specific functions
(jobs) inside cells.
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Typical Animal Cell
apparatus
http//web.jjay.cuny.edu/acarpi/NSC/images/cell.g
if
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Typical Plant Cell
http//waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
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Nucleus

• cellular control center
• Controls cellular activity
• contains hereditary material (DNA in chromosomes)
  

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Nuclear membrane

• surrounds nucleus allowing certain materials to
  enter and leave
• actually double layered because it turns into the
  endoplasmic reticulum!

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Nucleolus

• round organelle in the nucleus
• usually a pair
• involved with the synthesis of RNA to make
  ribosomes
• Synthesize to make

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RibosomesProtein Factories

• sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
  These MAKE proteins!
• may be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the
  endoplasmic reticulum
• found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• ribosomes are made of
• RNA

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

• cytoplasmic channels (tunnels) from the cell
  membrane to the nuclear membrane
• HIGHWAY for cell transport
• can be SMOOTH or ROUGH

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Endoplasmic reticulum

• Rough ER Smooth ER
• Covered with 1. No ribosomes ribosomes
• Ribosomes make 2. No proteins made proteins
• Proteins modified 3. Detoxifies lipids,
  for export out of cell
  makes lipids

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Golgi apparatus (complex)

• usually located near the nucleus
• synthesizes, packages, and secretes cellular
  products (secrete export, leave cell)
• Packages waste harmful materials for export out
  of the cell

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Cytoplasm (protoplasm)

• fluid like material between the cell membrane and
  the nucleus
• over 80 water
• HOLDS cell organelles in place
• site of most organelles and cellular chemical
  reactions

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Vacuole

• membrane bound cytoplasmic
• spaces containing materials for storage
• vacuoles are usually very large in many plant
  cells contain water solutions
• also in unicellular organisms
• Two Types
• Food vacuole--store and digest ingested food
• Contractile vacuole-pumps excess water from cells
  maintaining homeostasis

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Lysosome

• membrane bound pouch containing digestive enzymes
  
• digest bacteria and some foods entering the cell
• breaks down complex molecules into simpler
  molecules
• breakdown worn out cell organelles

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Mitochondrionplural mitochondria

• "Powerhouse of the cell"
• carries out cellular respiration to make ATP
  energy for the cell
• may contain DNA--is self duplicating-- divides
  when the cell divides
• Which type of cell, heart muscle or bone cell,
  has more mitochondria? Why?

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Chloroplast

• Usually found in plant cells
• Contains green chlorophyll
• Where photosynthesis takes place
• Makes ENERGY!

http//library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.htm
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