The Nature of Science

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The Nature of Science

• Studying Life

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Studying Life

• Biology
• The Study Of The Living World Using The
  Scientific Method

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Characteristics of Living Things

1. Basic Unit is the Cell
2. They Reproduce
3. All Based On Universal Genetic Code
4. Grow Develop
5. Obtain Use Materials Energy
6. Respond To Their Environment
7. Maintain A Stable Internal Environment
8. AS A GROUP, Living Things Evolve, That Is They
   Change Over Time

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1. Made Up Of Cells

• Cell
• A Collection of Living Matter Enclosed By A
  Barrier That Separates The Cell From Its
  Surroundings
• Cells Are The Smallest Living Units Of An
  Organism
• Cells Are Complex Organized

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1. Made Up Of Cells

• Unicellular
• Living Organism Made Up Of One Cell
• Multicellular
• Living Organism Made Up Of Many, Specialized
  Cells
• Humans Have gt200 Cell Types

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2. Living Things Reproduce

• 2 Types of Reproduction
• Sexual
• Two Cells From Different Parents Unite To Produce
  The First Cell Of The New Organism
• Asexual
• New Organism Has Single Parent
• Budding, Binary Fission

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3. Universal Genetic Code

• The Cells Of All Life Forms On Earth Carry
  Directions For Growth Inheritance In
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• The Structure of DNA is Universal

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4. Growth Development

• Each Type of Organism Has A Distinctive Life
  Cycle
• Bacteria Divide
• Insects Metamorphosis
• Mammals Bear Live Offspring
• Plants Develop Seeds

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5. Needs For Materials Energy

• Metabolism
• The Chemical Reactions Through Which An Organism
  Builds Up Breaks Down Materials To Support Life
  Processes

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5. Needs For Materials Energy

• Photosynthesis
• Conversion of Light (Energy) Into Chemical
  Storage
• 6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2

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5. Needs For Materials Energy

• Respiration
• Transformation Of Chemically Stored Energy Into
  Cellular Power
• 6O2 C6H12O6 6CO2 6H2O

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6. Response To The Environment

• Organisms Respond to Temperature, Water, Food
  Supplies, etc. In Order To Survive Reproduce

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7. Maintaining Internal Balance

• Living Things Are Constantly Responding
  Internally Externally In Order To Maintain
• Homeostasis
• Keeping The Internal Environment Of The Cell or
  Organism Within The Ranges Required For Life

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8. Evolution

• Groups Of Organisms (Not Individuals) Change Over
  Time In Order To Survive Within Changing
  Environments.
• These Changes Are Documented In The Molecular And
  The Fossil Record

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Levels of Organization

• Key Concept
• The Many Levels At Which Life Can Be Studied
  Include
• Molecules
• Cells
• Groups of Cells
• Organisms
• Populations
• Communities
• Ecosystems
• The Biosphere

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Branches of Biology

• Zoology
• Ethology
• Paleontology
• Microbiology
• Biochemistry
• .

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Why Study Biology

• You Need Biology Regardless Of Your Career Choice
• Biological Issues Are Transforming The World
• BioTechnology, Medicine, Ethics, Public Policy,
  Environment
• You Need To Lead Not Follow!

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You Need To Lead

• Scientific Knowledge Is Neither Good nor Bad
• However, Scientific Knowledge Has Been Used For
  Great Good Great Evil In This World
• Will You Be Able To Understand The Difference Or
  Will You Follow Blindly?