Child Development Theorists

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Child Development Theorists
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John Comenius

• Wrote first picture book for children
• Czech educator 1658
• Stressed learning by doing
• Wrote books with illustration
• Put emphasis on education of the senses
• Began social reform of education

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John Locke

• 1600s English philosopher
• Believed childs mind is a clean slate
• Experiences with the parents, friends, and school
  all have a significant effect on the childs
  development

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Jean Jacques Rousseau

• Philosopher from 1712 1778
• Introduced free play for child to choose the
  activity they prefer
• Believed school should be less restrained and
  more flexible

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Johann Pestalolozzi

• Swiss philosopher in 1746
• Presented the idea of caring for as well as
  educating the child
• Stressed integrated curriculum for the whole
  child head, heart, and hands

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Friedrich Froebel

• Father of kindergarten 1836
• Kindergarten is childrens garden
• Stressed importance of developing self esteem and
  self confidence from 2-6 yrs.

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Maria Montessori

• First female physician in Italy 1870
• Worked with poor and retarded children
• Believed education begins at birth and that
• the early years are the most important
• Introduced the prepared environment with child
  sized tables and chairs
• Taught with tactile materials to stimulate the
  senses and mind

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John Dewey

• Introduced the progressive movement in the
  1800s
• Stressed individual needs and differences
• Taught that children learn best when motivated
  and interested
• Felt rote memory is useless for learning
• Children need direct contact with materials
• Stress physical, social, emotional and
  intellectual needs of children

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Dr. Benjamin Spock

• Wrote Baby and Child Care 1940-1950s
• Preached the common sense approach to
  childrearing
• Told parents to childproof the home and allow
  children to get out of playpen to explore the
  home environment safely
• Used more permissiveness with children

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Berry Brazelton

• Present day famous pediatrician
• Stresses setting limits for children
• Teaches importance of listening to children
• Believes in observing child to learn what they
  need

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Margaret and Rachel McMillan

• Began a crusade for slum children in England in
  1910
• Opened a nurture school for children under 5
  years of age
• Taught importance of fresh air, sleep and bathing
  for childrens health
• Successful in keeping children healthy
• Nursery school program was dedicated to
• good nutrition and healthy standards

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Susan Isaacs

• Educator who published The Nursery Years
• Emphasized the childs point of view in teaching
  children
• Taught that play is a childs work

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Loris Malaguzzi

• Founder of early education in Reggio Emilia Italy
• Created a school that welcomed families and
  communities to take part in education
• Began the PTA and PTO in schools

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Sigmund Freud

• Medical doctor who developed a psychoanalytic
  theory of sexuality
• Oral stage birth to two emphasis on mouth
  sucking, biting, eating, teething
• Anal stage - two to three toilet training
• Phallic three to six genitals, sex role
  identification and conscience development
• Latency six to twelve sexual forces are
  dormant. Energy is on school and sports
• Genital twelve to eighteen genital
  stimulation and satisfaction from relationships

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Jean Piaget

• Child development research theorist
• Sensorimotor stage birth to two children
  perceive the world through movement and senses.
  They are very egocentric and cannot see the world
  from others view.
• Preoperational stage two to seven language
  skills develop and they use symbolic play. They
  are only aware of their own point of view. They
  judge size by appearance only.
• Concrete operational stage seven to twelve
  Child can think logically but only with concrete
  aids. They can understand others point of view.
• Formal operations stage twelve to adult
  Abstract reasoning develops. They can understand
  actions have consequences. They can solve a
  problem in their mind.

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Abraham Maslow

• Studied healthy and established a
  self-actualization theory based on needs.
• Fulfillment
• Perfection Justice
  
• Self Sufficiency Goodness
• Individuality Health Completion
• Sense of meaning Richness Integrity
• Self Esteem Respect by others
• Love and sense of belonging
• Safety and Security
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  Physical Needs Air water food shelter
  Clothing

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Arnold Gesell

• Physician in the 1950s
• Established norms for physical motor growth and
  behaviors which accompany each age
• Study referred to as Ages and Stages
• Examples 6 months sit alone
• 7 8 months - crawling
• 12 months - walking

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Erik Erickson

• Psychoanalyst who stated life is a series of
  stages with each one growing from the previous
  ones.
• Stage 1 Newborn Trust vs. Mistrust
• Stage 2 Toddler Autonomy vs. Doubt
• Stage 3 Childhood Initiative vs. Guilt
• Stage 4 School Industry vs. Inferiority
• Stage 5 Adolescence Search for identity
• vs.
  inferiority
• Stage 6 Young Adult Intimacy (love, friends)
  
  
  
  
  vs. Isolation (
  Loneliness)
• Stage 7 Grown ups Generativity (caring for
  next
• generation) vs.
  Stagnation
• Stage 8 Old Age Integrity vs. Despair
• Erickson felt that people face these basic crisis
  situations from birth to old age. The conflict is
  part of the life process. Success gives strength
  to face each new stage in life.

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