Chapter 3, pp 50-68: Child Development Lectures 17

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Chapter 3, pp 50-68 Child DevelopmentLectures
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Learning Outcomes

• Explain prenatal development and the role that
  sex hormones play.
• Explain the physical, cognitive, moral, social,
  and emotional development of children.

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Learning Outcomes

• Explain the physical, cognitive, moral, social
  and emotional development of adolescents.

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Truth or Fiction?

• Your heart started beating when you were only
  one-fifth of an inch long and weighed a fraction
  of an ounce.
• Prior to 6 months or so of age, out of sight is
  literally out of mind.

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Prenatal Development
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1. Developmental Psychology Basic Issues and
Methodology

• Developmental Psychology
• Some study particular age group
• Others - physical development, cognitive or
  language development, emotional or moral
  development.
• Nurture or nature controversy
• The best nurturing environment cannot produce
  Albert Einstein
• Resilience, Vulnerability and protective factors
• Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies

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2. Prenatal Development

• Three Stages Germinal stage, Embryonic stage,
  and Fetal
• Germinal Stage (1 to 2 weeks)
• Conception through implantation
• Zygote divides rapidly and becomes implanted in
  the uterine wall
• At the end of 2 weeks, zygote is the size of the
  period at the end of this sentence.

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3. Prenatal Development

• Embryonic Stage (3 to 8 weeks)
• Major organ systems are formed
• 4th week- a primitive heart begins to beat
• Facial futures distinct, (embryo 1 inch long and
  1/30th to 1/7th of an ounce)
• Genetic code (XX or XY) causes sex organs to
  differentiate
• Y sex chromosome testes form and produce
  androgens

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4. Prenatal Development

• Embryonic Stage
• Embryo is suspended in amniotic sac w/fluid
• Nutrients and wastes are exchanged with mother
  through placenta
• Embryo is connected to placenta by umbilical cord

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12 weeks/ the end of first trimester

• Fetal Stage (9 weeks to birth 38 weeks)
• Characterized by maturation and gains in size
• Rapid growth and further development of the body
  structures, organs, and systems.
• By the end of 3rd month fingers and toes are
  formed
• In the middle of 4th month, the mother detects
  the first fetal movements
• The fetus opens and shuts its eyes, sucks its
  thumb, alternates between periods of being awake
  and sleeping, and responds to light and sound
  (25th week)

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5. Prenatal Development

• Fetal Stage (9 weeks to birth 38 weeks)
• Characterized by maturation and gains in size
• Rapid growth and further development of the body
  structures, organs, and systems.
• By the end of 3rd month fingers and toes are
  formed
• In the middle of 4th month, the mother detects
  the first fetal movements
• The fetus opens and shuts its eyes, sucks its
  thumb, alternates between periods of being awake
  and sleeping, and responds to light and sound
  (25th week)

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6. Negative Influences on Prenatal Development

• Maternal Diseases/Conditions
• Diabetes-growth abnormalities
• Rubella-heart defects, blindness, deafness
• Herpes-nerve damage transmitted to fetus
• HIV-transmitted to fetus
• Chicken pox- scars, eye damage
• Drugs
• Alcohol- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Cocaine- prematurity, physical defects, sleep
  diff.
• Marijuana-tremors

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Childhood
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7. Physical Development

• Reflexes
• Inborn, unlearned, automatic responses elicited
  by specific stimuli
• Rooting and sucking, withdrawal, blinking,
  grasping
• Video CD1 14
• Motor Development
• Brain maturation and environmental factors

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M.D.
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8. Physical Development

• Perceptual Development
• Within days, infant can track moving light
• 2-month prefer human face as visual stimuli
• Fixation time measure of visual preference
• Perceive depth about time begin crawling
• Visual cliff experiments (Gibson and Walk (1960))

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Two-Month-Olds Preferences for Visual Stimuli
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9. Physical Development

• Perceptual Development
• Newborns hear normally prefer mothers voice
• Show no preference for fathers voice

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Newborns and Infants Sensation and Perception
PLAY VIDEO
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10. Attachment

• Emotional tie formed between infant and caregiver
• Failure to develop attachment seriously
  compromises later development
• Why? Harry Harlow experiments (videos 12 A,B,C,)
• Mary Salter Ainsworth
• Behavior that defines attachment
• Attempts to maintain contact
• Anxiety when separated
• Stranger anxiety

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11. Attachment

• Strange Situation
• Method to assess infants response to separations
  and reunions with caregivers and a stranger
• Three Types of Attachment
• Secure attachment
• Avoidant attachment
• Ambivalent/resistant attachment

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12. Stages of Attachment

• Initially infants show indiscriminate attachment
• Beginning about 4 months of age
• Initial-preattachment phase, indiscriminate
• Attachment-in-the-making phase
• Clear-cut-attachment phase
• Fear of strangers 8 to 10 months

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13. Theoretical Views of Attachment

• Behaviorists viewed attachment as learned
  behavior based on caregivers attention
• Harry F. Harlow
• Inborn need for contact comfort

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14. Theoretical Views of Attachment

• Konrad Lorenz (1981)
• Ethologist attachment is an instinct
• Critical period
• Imprinting
• Ainsworth and Bowlby
• Attachment is instinctive in humans

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15. Cognitive Development

• The way in which children mentally represent and
  think about the world
• Jean Piaget Cognitive-development theory
• Lev Vygotsky Sociocultural theory
• Lawrence Kohlberg Theory of moral development

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16. Piagets Cognitive-Development Theory

• Schema
• Mental structure in organizing knowledge
• Assimilation
• Respond to new stimuli through existing habit
• Accommodation
• Create new ways of responding to objects

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17. Stages of Cognitive-Development Theory

• Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete
  Operational, Formal Operational Stages
• Sensorimotor Stage
• Object Permanence
• Before 6 months of age does not mentally
  represent objects

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Object Permanence
PLAY VIDEO
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18. Stages of Cognitive-Development Theory

• Preoperational Stage (approx. from 2 to 7 y.o.)
• Use words and symbols to represent objects and
  relationships among them
• Think one dimensionally, reversibility is not
  understood
• Egocentrism
• Animism
• Artificialism
• Conservation is absent (play video)
• Objective Responsibility

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13. Stages of Cognitive-Development Theory

• Preoperational Stage (approx. from 2 to 7 y.o.)
• Use words and symbols to represent objects and
  relationships among them
• Think one dimensionally
• Egocentrism
• Animism
• Artificialism
• Conservation
• Objective Responsibility

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Piagets Conservation Experiment
PLAY VIDEO
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19. Stages of Cognitive-Development Theory

• Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 12 )
• Beginning of capacity for adult logic around
  tangible objects, but not abstract ideas.
• Decentration (Video)
• Reversibility
• Subjective Moral Judgment

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Piagets Concrete Operational Stage
PLAY VIDEO
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20. Evaluation of Piagets Theory

• Piaget tended to underestimate childrens
  abilities
• Egocentrism and conservation appear to be more
  continuous than Piaget thought
• Developmental sequences do not vary

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21. Lev Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory

• Continuous theory focused on influence of culture
  and childrens interactions with elders
• Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
• Scaffolding
• Children internalize explanations that encourage
  skill development

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22. Lawrence Kohlbergs Theory of Moral
Development

• Use of moral dilemma story to explore reasoning
  of right and wrong
• Stage theory with a specific sequence

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23. Lawrence Kohlbergs Theory of Moral
Development

• Preconventional Level
• Base judgment on consequences of behavior
• Stage 1 Obedience and avoid punishment
• Stage 2 Good behavior allows people to satisfy
  their needs

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24. Lawrence Kohlbergs Theory of Moral
Development

• Conventional Level
• Base judgment on conformity to conventional
  standards of right and wrong
• Stage 3 Good-boy orientation
• Stage 4 Judgments are based on rules that
  maintain social order

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25. Lawrence Kohlbergs Theory of Moral
Development

• Postconventional Level-moral conduct id under
  internal control
• Stage 5 respect for individual rights and laws
  that are democratically agreed on. Rational
  valuing of the wishes of the majority and general
  welfare. Society is best served if the citizen
  obey the law.
• Stage 6 The morality of universal ethical
  principles. The person acts according to internal
  standards, independent of legal restrictions or
  options of others.

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26. Evaluation of Kohlbergs Theory of Moral
Development

• Research suggests moral reasoning does follow a
  sequence
• Most people do not reach postconventional level
  (consistent with formal operational thought)
• Kohlberg underestimated the influence of social
  institutions and parents

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27. Erik Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial
Development (Lifespan)

• Eight stages that represent life crises
• Trust versus Mistrust (birth to 1 year)
• Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (1-3)
• Industry versus Inferiority (6 to puberty)
• Identity versus Role Confusion (adolescence)
• Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood 20s-30s)
• Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood)
• Ego Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood)

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28. Parenting Styles

• Diana Baumrinds styles of parenting
• Connection between parental behavior and
  development of instrumental competence
• Four aspects of parental behavior
• Strictness
• Demands for child to achieve intellectual,
  emotional and social maturity
• Communication ability
• Warmth and involvement

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29. Parenting Styles

• Diana Baumrinds styles of parenting
• Authoritative
• Authoritarian
• Permissive
• Uninvolved

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Adolescence
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30. Physical Development

• Growth spurt
• Puberty is the period when the body becomes
  sexually mature
• Begins with appearance of secondary sex
  characteristics (body hair, change voice in male,
  testosterone, estrogen - rounding of the breasts
  and hips in female,)
• Menarche
• Usually occurs between 11 and 14
• Timing of puberty influence self-esteem, body
  image, confidence, but sometimes negative
  consequences

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31. Cognitive Development

• Piagets Formal Operations Stage
• Classification, logical thought, ability to
  hypothesis
• Abstract thinking
• Able to deal with hypothetical situations
• Metamemory
• Effective learners
• Adolescent Egocentrism
• Imaginary Audience
• Personal Fable

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Abstraction and Hypothetical Propositions
PLAY VIDEO
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32. Moral Reasoning

• Kohlbergs Postconventional Level
• Many people do not reach this level
• Judgment is based on persons own moral standards
• Stage 5 Laws are made to preserve order but
  exceptions can occur
• Stage 6 Adherence to universal ethical
  principles

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33. Sex Differences and Moral Reasoning

• Kohlbergs theory shows higher levels of moral
  reasoning in boys
• Carol Gilligan argues difference is result of
  socialization
• Girls make judgments based on needs of others
• Boys make judgments based on logic

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34. Social and Emotional Development

• Independence is the challenge of adolescence
• Eriksons Psychosocial Development
• Ego Identity versus Role Diffusion
• Adolescent Sexuality
• Before1960s-societal influence- no sex before
  marriage
• Now about 50 of American teens engage in sexual
  intercourse
• 25 had 4 or more partners before they are
  seniors

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Beyond the Book
Slides to help expand your lectures
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Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous?

• Continuous gradual changes
• Behaviorists and learning theorists
• Discontinuous changes in stages
• Freud and Piaget

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Child Abuse

• Factors that contribute to child abuse
• Stress
• History of child abuse in at least one of
  parents families of origin
• Acceptance of violence as coping mechanism
• Failure to attach with children
• Substance abuse
• Rigid attitudes toward child raising