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THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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Title: THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM


1
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
2
I. Introduction
  • Basics
  • Consists of skin, hair, nails, and cutaneous
    glands.
  • Largest organ of body
  • 15-20 sq. ft
  • 9 lbs
  • 0.5-4.00 mm thick

3
B. Layers
  • Epidermis
  • Epithelial t.
  • Dermis
  • Connective t.
  • Hypodermis (subcutaneous t.)
  • Loose connective t. (fat)
  • Not part of the skin
  • Anchors the skin to bone and muscle tissue

4
C. Functions
  • protection
  • Vitamin D production
  • Sensation
  • Thermoregulation
  • Excretion (small amount)

5
II. Epidermis
  • General
  • Keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium
  • New epidermis every 35-45 days

6
II. Epidermis
  • General
  • Callus gross thickening due to friction
  • Blister acute trauma leads to separation of
    dermis and epidermis

7
  • Epidermis
  • B. Cell types

8
II. Epidermis
  • B. Cell types
  • Keratinocytes
  • Produce fibrous protein keratin
  • tough, water repellant protein
  • protects the skin and the underlying tissues from
    heat, microbes, abrasion and chemicals
  • Produced in deepest layer

9
  • Epidermis
  • B. Cell types

10
B. Cell types
2. Melanocytes
  • Produce pigment melanin
  • Pigment is phagocytized by keratinocytes
  • Pigment granules protect keratinocytes from UV
    radiation

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B. Cell types
  • 3. Merkels cells
  • Associated w/nerve cell endings touch reception
  • Scattered among Kerantinocytes
  • 4. Langerhans cells
  • Macrophage-like
  • Defend against microorganisms

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  • Epidermis
  • C. Layers

16
Hint to remember the layers
Can Little Girls Speak German
  • Can Corneum
  • Little Lucidum
  • GiRls GRanulosum
  • SPeak SPinosum
  • GERMan GERMinativum

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II. Epidermis
  • C. Layers
  • Stratum Basalis
  • Also known as Stratum Germinativum
  • Single layer
  • Mitotic

19
  • C. Layers
  • Stratum Basalis
  • Receive nutrients by diffusion from dermis
  • Composed of columnar keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • Merkels cells

20
C. Layers
  • 2. Stratum Spinosum
  • Called the Spiny Layer
  • Less mitotic
  • Cells are many sided keratinocytes
  • often called Prickle Cells

21
C. Layers
  • 2. Stratum Spinosum
  • Scattered among keratinocytes are Langerhans
    cells

22
Note The Stratum Basalis and Stratum Spinosum
  • contain the only epidermal cells that receive
    adequate nourishment
  • As the daughter cells are pushed upward, away
    from the source of nutrition, they gradually die
    and their soft protoplasm becomes keratinized
    (hard).

23
C. Layers
  1. Stratum Granulosum
  • Granular layer
  • Keratinization begins
  • Cells die
  • Thin layer 2-3 cell layers

24
C. Layers
  • 5. Stratum Corneum
  • Horny Layer
  • 20-30 cell layers
  • ¾ of thickness

25
C. Layers
  1. Stratum Corneum
  • Consists of dead flat keratinized cells
  • Being sloughed off

26
II. Epidermis
27
C. Layers
4. Stratum Lucidum
  • Clear layer
  • Found in thick skin only as palms and soles of
    feet
  • Contain Keratin fibrils
  • Cells begin to degenerate

28
III. Dermis
29
III. Dermis
  • General
  • Strong, flexible, connective tissue
  • Thickness 0.6 3 mm

30
III. Dermis
  • General
  • Has collagenous reticular fibers

31
A. General
  • 4. Contains
  • Blood vessels
  • Nerves
  • Hair follicles
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Sweat glands
  • Nail roots

32
A. General
  • 5. Epidermis projects into dermis to
    form
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Sweat glands
  • Hair follicles

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B. Layers
III. Dermis
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B. Layers
  • Papillary Layer
  • Closest to epiderms
  • Made of areolar, loose con. t.
  • Has Dermal Papillae
  • Finger-like projects that indent into the
    epidermis

36
c. Has Dermal Papillae
  • Contain
  • Capillaries
  • pain receptors
  • Meisner corpuscles light touch receptors
  • Finger prints

37
III. Dermis
  • B. Layers
  • 2. Reticular layer
  1. Deepest layer
  2. Comprises 4/5 of dermis
  3. Made of dense irregular connective tissue

38
III. Dermis
  • B. Layers
  • 2. Reticular layer
  1. Rich in blood vessels and nerve
  2. Pacinian corpuscles sense deep pressure, heat
    and cold

39
III. Dermis
  • B. Layers
  • 2. Reticular layer
  1. Tension lines or cleavage separation of
    collagen bundles
  2. Flexure line folding of dermis at joints of
    wrists, palms, fingers toes

40
IV. Hypodermis
  1. Areolar and adipose tissue
  2. Anchors skin to organs
  3. Insulates, absorbs shock, stores fat

41
V. Skin Appendages
  • General
  • Organs that develop from the embryonic epidermis
  1. Also called epidermal derivatives

42
V. Skin Appendages
  • General
  • Includes
  • Hair
  • Sweat glands
  • Sebaceous glands
  1. Finger nails
  2. Tooth enamel

43
V. Skin Appendages
  • B. Hair
  • Is fused keratinized cells
  • Protects against
  • Scalp injury
  • Sun
  • Heat loss

44
B. Hair
  • 3. Structure
  • Shaft
  • Above surface
  • Shape determines curliness
  • Round straight
  • Oval wavy
  • Flat kinky

45
3. Structure
  • a. Shaft
  • Root
  • Extends from epidermis to dermis
  • Extends into hypodermis in scalp

46
Note
  • The root and shaft are made of 3 tubes

47
Note 3 tubes
  • cuticle outer tube
  • 1 layer of heavily keratinized cells.
  • cortex middle tube
  • several layers of cells w/ pigments in dark
    hair and air bubbles in white hair.
  • medulla inner tube
  • made of 2 -3 rows of cells with pigments and
    air spaces.

48
B. Hair
  • 4. Follicle
  • Provides nutrients
  • Matrix produces hair
  • Arrector pili muscle goose bumps

49
V. Skin Appendages
  • Hair
  • Split ends cuticle wears
    away
  • Color results from melanin (black, brown, yellow)
  • Hair growth nutrition, hormones

50
V. Skin Appendages
  • Hair
  • Kinds of hair
  • Vellus hair fine pale body hair of women and
    children
  • Terminal hair coarse, scalp, pubic region, male
    body hair
  • P141 hirsutism

51
V. Skin Appendages
  • Nails
  • Scale-like epidermal derivatives
  • Pink due to capillaries in dermis

52
C. Nails
  • Nail plate is heavily karantinized
  • Nail bed
  • mitosis in matrix responsible for growth

53
V. Skin Appendages
  • Sudoriferous Glands
  • Sweat glands
  • Exocrine
  • everywhere except lips, nipples and parts of
    external genitalia

54
D. Sudoriferous Glands
  • Function
  • Assists in maintaining normal body temp.

55
D. Sudoriferous Glands
  • 5. specialized sudoriferous glands
  • Mammary glands
  • Ceruminous glands
  • Cerum earwax

56
V. Skin Appendages
  • Ceruminous Glands
  • Produce Sebum
  • Oil
  • Prevents skin from drying out
  • Protects against bacteria
  • Exocrine

57
VI. Skin Color
  • Melanin
  • Made by
  • melanocytes
  • transferred to keratinocytes
  • Yellow to orange to brown
  • Racial differences result of kind and amount of
    melanin

58
A. Melanin
  • Builds up with sun exposure protects
  • Over exposure
  • alters DNA ? cancer and/or leathery skin
  • Not enough UV ? to break down of folic acid (vit.
    B) ? anemia or neural tube defects

59
A. Melanin
  • Builds up with sun exposure protects
  • Under exposure
  • MS
  • Rickets
  • Osteoporosis

60
B. Carotene
  1. Yellow to orange
  2. Abundant in Oriental people
  3. Found mainly in Corneum Layer, soles, palms

61
C. Hemoglobin
  • In red blood
  • cells in
  • capillaries
  • Gives pinkish
  • hue to Caucasian skin
  • Note Caucasians have less melanin

62

63
VII. Other
  • Regulation of Body Temp.
  • Negative feedback system
  • Excessive Heat
  • Vessels dilate
  • Sweat evaporates from skin
  • Prevent heat loss
  • Vessels constrict
  • Arrector pili muscles cause hair to stand on end

64
VII. Other
  • Aging
  • Blood flow to skin reduced
  • Thins skin/ more easily damaged
  • Repair is slower
  • Sagging results from
  • Elastic fibers reduce in number diameter
  • Loss of subcutaneous tissue

65
VII. Other
  • Aging
  • Age Spots
  • Localized areas of increased of melanocytes
  • Gray hair
  • Decrease or lack of melanin production

66
VII. Other
  • Skin Cancer
  • The most common type of cancer
  • It occurs more often in people with light
    colored skin who have had a high exposure to
    sunlight.

67
VII. Other
  • Skin Cancer
  • Signs of skin cancer
  • growth or a sore that won't heal
  • a small lump.
  • smooth, shiny and waxy
  • or it can be red or reddish brown.
  • a flat red spot that is rough or scaly.

68
VII. Other
  • Skin Cancer
  • Most frequent types
  • Basal Cell Carcinomas
  • Caused by exposure to
    the sun

69
VII. Other
  • Skin Cancer
  • Most frequent types
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  • Sun exposure
  • Lips of smokers

70
VII. Other
  • Skin Cancer
  • Most frequent types
  • Melanoma
  • Most malignant
  • Caused by sun exposure

71
IV. Other
  • Skin Cancer
  • ABCD Rule to distinguish a normal mole from a
    melanoma
  • A ... Asymmetrical lesions
  • B ... Border irregularity
  • C ... Color variation
  • D ... Diameter greater than the size of a
    pencil eraser tip

72
VII. Other
  • Burns
  • 1st Degree
  • Minor epithelial damage
  • Red, tender
  • Dry
  • No blisters

73
VII. Other
  • Burns
  • 2nd Degree
  • Damage to epidermis and superficial (papillary)
    dermis
  • Pink, exquisitely tender
  • Moist
  • Blisters

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VII. Other
  • Burns
  • 3rd Degree
  • Involves all skin layers
  • Color variable white, waxy, red, brown
  • Destroys elasticity
  • Dry
  • Painless
  • Does not heal

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D. Burns
  • 3. Rule of 9s
  • Torso 18
  • Leg 18
  • Head 9
  • Arm 9
  • Genitalia 1
  • Palm 1

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THE END
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