Fresh%20waters%20of%20Europe

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Fresh waters of Europe
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Origin and formation of waters

• The hydrosphere originates from the bowels of
  the earth through the volcanic gorges. It is
  close related to the processes in the atmosphere.
  

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Ground waters

• Artesian - waters between
• two waterproof layers
• Mineral- water naturally impregnated with mineral
  salts or gasses
• Karsts underground waters
• reach of CaCO³

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Rivers
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Rivers
Europes three largest rivers, the Volga (1),
the Danube (2) and the Dnepr (3), drain one
quarter of the continent. However, they are
relatively small by world standards their
catchments ranking 14th, 29th and 48th,
respectively.
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Natural lakes
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Lakes in Europe
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Lakes and resevoirs in Europe
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Reservoirs and dams / human-made lakes/

• Dam Ogosta-Montana, Bulgaria

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Reservoirs and dams
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Water abstraction
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Water use by sectors
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First main problemWater scarcity and drought

• Measures
• The use of economic instruments, such as water
  pricing and metering
• Water-reuse and recycling
• Increased efficiency of domestic, agricultural
  and industrial water use
• Water saving campaigns supported by public
  education programmes

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Second main problemFloods

• During the last five years in Europe
• - 100 major damaging floods
• Since 2000, floods in Europe have caused
• at least 700 deaths,
• the displacement of about half a million people
• at least  25 billion in insured economic
  losses.

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Third main problemPollution
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Prevention Strategies

• The Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive
  (91/271/EEC)
• The Nitrates Directive
• The Bathing Waters Directive (76/160/EEC
  2006/7/EC)
• The Water Framework Directive (WFD
  2000/60/EC).