Energy Usage: An Historical Perspective

1
Energy UsageAn Historical Perspective
Lecture 2 Spring 2015 HNRT 228 Section
003 Energy and the Environment
2

• In the diagram above, a box is on a frictionless
  horizontal surface with forces F1 and F2 acting
  as shown. If the magnitude of F1 is greater than
  the magnitude of F2, then the box is
• A. moving at constant speed in the direction of
  F1
• B. moving at constant speed in the direction of
  F2
• C. accelerating in the direction of F1
• D. accelerating in the direction of F2
• E. not moving at all.

3

• The metric unit of a Joule (J) is a unit of
• A. potential energy.
• B. work.
• C. kinetic energy.
• D. All of the above (A, B, and C) are measured in
  Joules.
• E. None of the above (A, B, and C) are measured
  in Joules.

4

• Which statement is true about the concept of
  power?
• A. Power is the distance over which work is done.
• B. Power is the time at which energy is expended.
• C. Power is the work done per unit time.
• D. All of the above (A, B, and C) can be said
  about power.
• E. None of the above (A, B, and C) is true about
  power.

5

• The kilowatt-hour is a unit of
• A. power.
• B. work.
• C. time.
• D. area.
• E. volume.

6
History of Energy Consumption

• Biological Energy Sources
• Initial energy transfer occurs through
  photosynthesis.
• Very early in history humans began to exploit
  additional energy sources to make life more
  comfortable.
• Human, animal labor
• Transportation, cooking, primitive light

7
Energy use - Middle ages

• Wind for sailing
• Peat, charcoal, coal on ground for fires
  cooking, heat
• Water wheels, wind mills for grain grinding
• Animal power also
• Candles animal fat whale oil - light

8
Increased Use of Wood

• Early civilizations used human muscle power as
  their primary energy source.
• Energy provided by burning wood enabled people to
  cook food, heat living areas, and develop
  primitive metallurgy.
• Dense, rapidly growing settlements outstripped
  wood production, thus new fuel sources had to be
  utilized.
• 1890, coal replaced wood - primary energy source

9
Fossil Fuels

• Carboniferous period, (286-362 Mya)
• large deposits of plants, animals, and
  microorganisms.
• Led to the formation of fossil fuel deposits.

10
Industrial Revolution - 1875

• Industrial Revolution - Machines replaced human
  and animal labor in the manufacture and
  transportation of goods.
• Steam engines converting heat energy into forward
  motion was central to this transformation.
• Countries or regions without large coal deposits
  were consequently left behind.

11
Industrial Revolution

• Prior to the Industrial Revolution, goods were
  manufactured on a small scale in private homes
  master craftsman
• Expanding factories larger labor pools, move
  to city
• 200 years, energy consumption increased 8X
  Increased levels of air pollution.

12
iClicker Question

• Fossil fuels are derived from biological material
  produced
• A at the time of the industrial revolution
• B about 300 million years ago
• C about 1 million years ago
• D about 1 billion years ago
• E at the turn of the previous century

13
Changes in Energy Sources to 2012
Source U.S. Energy Information
Administration, AER Energy Perspectives and MER.
14
iClicker Question

• At the turn of this century (2000) most energy
  was derived from
• A Coal
• B Wood
• C Natural Gas
• D Oil
• E Nuclear Power

15
(No Transcript)
16
Role of The Automobile

• Growth of automobile industry led to roadway
  construction required energy. Better roads -
  Higher speeds
• Higher speeds - Bigger faster cars Bigger
  faster cars - Better roads
• Convenience of two-car families - Job growth in
  automobile-related industries - Major role in
  development of industrialized nations.

17
Role of The Automobile

• Cars altered peoples lifestyle
• Greater Distance Travel
• Sprawling Cities
• New Suburbs but they existed B4
• Vacations
• More distant

18
SOURCE U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census
Bureau, 2009 American Community Survey
(Washington, DC), table GCT0801, available
at http//www.census.gov/acs/www/ as of August
2010.
19
iClicker Question

• From the data provided do you think people in New
  York live closer or further to their place of
  employment than those people in North Dakota?
• A Closer
• B Further
• C Cannot be determined

20
Source 2009 Data from American Community
Survey conducted by the US Census Bureau. Figure
developed by SAIC.
21
Growth in the Use of Natural Gas

• Initially, natural gas was burned as a waste
  product at oil wells.
• Before 1940, accounted for less than 10 of
  energy consumption in United States.
• By 1970, accounted for about 30 of energy needs.
• In 2003 accounted for 25 of U.S. consumption.
• Primarily used for home heating and industrial
  purposes.

22
How is Energy Used?

• Industrialized nations use energy for
• Residential / Commercial uses
• Industrial uses
• Transportation
• Less developed countries use most energy for
  residential purposes.
• Cooking and Heating
• Developing countries use much of their energy to
  develop industry.

23
U.S. Consumption of Oil
24
Consumption of Energy Per Capita
25
iClicker Question

• Oil consumption in the U.S. has always risen
  since 1970.
• A True
• B False

26
Residential and Commercial Energy Use

• N. America - 16 of energy used for residential
  and commercial purposes.
• 75 used for air conditioning and heating as well
  as water heaters.
• India - 57 used for residential and commercial
  purposes.

27
Industrial Energy Use

• Total amount of energy required in a countrys
  industrial sector depends on industrial processes
  in use.
• Many countries use inefficient processes and
  could reduce energy consumption by converting to
  more efficient means.
• Need capital investments.
• Many less developed countries dont have the
  necessary capital.

28
Transportation Energy Uses

• Per capita energy use for transportation is high
  in developing countries and highest in highly
  developed countries.
• Mass Transit systems are most efficient in
  countries with a dense population.
• Most countries heavily tax fuel, increasing the
  appeal of mass transit.

29
Per capita energy use for transportation
30
Transportation Energy Uses

• In North America, government policies have kept
  energy costs low, thus supporting the automobile
  industry.
• Private automobiles in N. America consume over
  40 of world gasoline production.
• North America only accounts for 5 or world
  population.

31
Electrical Energy

• Most electrical energy is produced as a result of
  burning fossil fuels.
• Because electricity is easily transported and its
  uses are so varied, electricity is a major world
  energy source.
• Industrialized nations have 20 of the worlds
  population, but use 60 of the worlds
  electricity.
• Per capita use in N. America is 25 times greater
  than that in less-developed countries.

32
World Electrical Energy Use
Source(2012) CIA World Factbook
33
How does the US compare to others in overall
energy use?
34
The Economics and Politics of Energy Use

• A correlation exists between energy and
  productivity.
• Most industrial societies want to ensure a
  continuous supply of affordable energy.
• The higher the price of energy, the more
  expensive goods and services become.
• Subsidies help keep energy costs down.

35
Fuel Economy and Government Policy

• Price of gasoline determined by two factors
• Purchasing and processing crude oil.
• Taxes
• Taxes in the U.S. represent less than 30 of
  retail gasoline price.
• 40 in Canada
• 50-75 in Japan and Europe

36
Fuel Economy and Government Policy

• Governments often charge road users to help build
  and repair roads by taxing fuel.
• Can also discourage use via increases.
• U.S. only raises 60 of monies needed for roads
  from fuel taxes.
• This tends to keep fuel costs low
• Encourages consumption

37
Gasoline Taxes and Fuel Cost
38
iClicker Question

• Which of the following countries has the lowest
  gas taxes?
• A France
• B Germany
• C Spain
• D Japan
• E USA

39
Political and Economic Factors

• During the 1980s, energy costs in North America
  and Europe declined
• less concern about energy consumption
• But look at trends since
• 1979 - oil 40 / barrel
• 1998 - oil 15 / barrel
• 2015 oil 1/25/15 45.59 / barrel
• Factors determining energy use
• Political Stability
• Price of Oil
• Others?

5-year price trend
40
The Importance of OPEC

• Oil Producing and Exporting Countries
• Twelve members
• Control over 78 of worlds estimated oil
  reserves?
• 1,000 billion barrels?
• Supply Demand?

41
Sources of US oil 1997 to 2012
42
Changes in World Energy Consumption
43
Energy Consumption in 2003

• Over half of world energy consumption is by the
  25 member countries of the Organization for
  Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD).
• Available Energy Sources
• Oil 38
• Natural Gas 26
• Coal 24

44
Energy Consumption Trends

• Energy consumption behavior of most people is
  motivated by economics rather than a desire to
  wisely use energy resources.
• Over the past several years, world oil prices
  have been extremely volatile.
• Oversupply
• OPEC Actions
• Persian Gulf War
• Iraq War