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I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria

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Title: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria


1
I. Prokaryote Domains Archaea and Bacteria
A. Evidence of early divergence
1. Archaea are the ancient bacteria
2. Bacteria (Eubacteria) are the modern
bacteria
3. Domain Eukarya appears to have diverged from
Archaea (after Bacteria)
- also possible that first eukaryote was fusion
of Archaea and Bacteria
2
B. Differences between Archaea and Bacteria
Archaea have as much in common with Eukaryotes as
with Bacteria
3
II. Characteristics of Prokaryotes
A. Shape
1. cocci
a. streptococcus
b. staphylococcus
2. bacilli
4
3. spiral
a. vibrios (comma-shaped)
b. spirilla (helical and short)
c. spirochetes (longer and flexible)
5
B. Structure
1. cell wall
a. maintains cell shape and provides protection
b. but may not prevent water loss
c. may be encased in lipopolysaccharide membrane
- the lipids may cause toxicity
6
B. Structure
1. cell wall
a. maintains cell shape and provides protection
b. but may not prevent water loss
c. may be encased in lipopolysaccharide membrane
- the lipids may cause toxicity
d. gram (-) has the membrane
e. gram () lacks the membrane
7
2. pili
a. surface adhesion
b. adhesion to other bacteria
c. sex pili
- conjugation
8
3. circular DNA (single chromosome)
- maybe plasmids also
4. flagella
- simpler than eukaryotic ones
9
C. Reproduction
1. binary fission
10
C. Reproduction
1. binary fission
2. conjugation
a. plasmid transfer
b. replicated and passed through sex pilus
c. used to pass on useful traits
11
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12
3. endospores
- anthrax, botulism
13
D. Differences from eukaryotes
1. no true internal compartmentalization
(organelles)
2. small size
3. usually just unicellular
- sometimes cooperate metabolically
14
D. Differences from eukaryotes
1. no true internal compartmentalization
(organelles)
2. small size
3. usually just unicellular
- sometimes cooperate metabolically
- biofilms (surface-coating colonies)
15
D. Differences from eukaryotes
1. no true internal compartmentalization
(organelles)
2. small size
3. usually just unicellular
- sometimes cooperate metabolically
- biofilms (surface-coating colonies)
4. no rod-shaped chromosomes
16
D. Differences from eukaryotes (contd)
5. binary fission vs. mitosis
6. simpler flagella
7. metabolic diversity
a. autotrophs
- photoautotrophs (get C from air)
- chemoautotrophs (also get C from air)
b. heterotrophs
- photoheterotrophs (get C from organic compounds)
- chemoheterotrophs (similar to animals)
17
III. Types of Prokaryotes
A. Archaea
1. extreme halophiles
- extreme salinity (5xs that of seawater)
2. extreme thermophiles
- even at or above boiling
- thermoacidophiles
18
3. methanogens
- anaerobic
- swamp gas (bubbles up from mud)
- cow gas
19
4. many also live in less harsh environments
- ocean (especially deep)
20
B. Bacteria
1. proteobacteria
a. large group containing gram(-) bacteria
b. N2-fixers
c. animal gut bacteria
2. chlamydias
- urethritis (STD)
- blindness
21
3. spirochetes
- syphilis
22
3. spirochetes
- syphilis
- Lyme disease
23
4. gram-positives
a. staph and strep (typically)
b. many soil decomposers
c. mycoplasmas
- 2 million pneumonias/year US
24
5. cyanobacteria
a. oxygen-producing photosynthesis
b. major food source for aquatic/marine ecosystems
c. probably responsible for the initial
production of O2 on earth
25
F. Diseases (Section 16.8)
1. attack with white blood cells
26
F. Diseases
1. attack with white blood cells
2. antibiotics
- resistant strains (13.15)
27
IV. Viruses
- not alive
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