The Prokaryotes: Domains: Bacteria Archaea

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Kingdom Monera
(Or Kingdom Archeabacteria
and Kingdom Eubacteria)
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Prokaryotes Review

• No true nucleus (no nuclear membrane)
• No cellular organelles
• Single celled
• The bacteria

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Good or Bad Bacteria Activity

• Decide if the bacteria on your card is a good
  bacteria or a bad bacteria
• What did you use to make your decision?
• Are there any bacteria that ended up on both
  sides?
• Good or bad depends on you perspective! But for
  humans most bad bacteria produced toxins that
  negatively affect us.

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Kingdom Monera

• All are prokaryotes
• Include bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue/green
  algae)

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Classification of bacteria

• They are classified into 2 groups
• Archaebacteria (old bacteria)
• Eubacteria (true bacteria)

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Archaeabacteria

• Live in extreme environments
• Inhabited the Earth billions of years ago
• Eukaryotes evolved from these 1.7 billion years
  ago (have the similar mRNA sequences and
  polymerases)

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There are three main groups of Archaeabacteria

• 1. extreme halophiles
• 2. methanogens
• 3. hyperthermophiles

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1. Extreme halophiles

• can live in extremely salty environments
• some species can live in water with salt
  concentrations exceeding 15.
• Most are photosynthetic autotrophs.
• The photosynthesizers in this category are purple
  because instead of using chlorophyll to
  photosynthesize, they use a similar pigment
  called bacteriorhodopsin that uses all light
  except for purple light, making the cells appear
  purple.

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2. Methanogens

• are strict anaerobes that release methane as a
  waste product of cellular metabolism.
• Many live in mud at the bottom of lakes and
  swamps because it lacks oxygen and some (enteric
  bacteria) live in the intestinal tracts of
  animals.
• A large number of methanogens colonize the
  intestinal tracts of ruminary grazing animals,
  where they aid in the digestion of cellulose.
• The methanogens living in the human digestive
  tract can cause intestinal gas.

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3. Hyperthermophiles

• live in extremely hot or acidic water some
  species can survive temperatures over 100 degrees
  Celsius.
• The famous hot springs in Yellowstone are home to
  this type of Archaea.
• They also live around deep-sea vents.
• Most hyperthermophiles are chemoautotrophs,
  meaning that they use chemicals found in the
  water leaving the vents to directly produce ATP.
• These hyperthermophiles often make the pools a
  greenish color due to their metabolic waste.
• They may also feed on dead organisms that have
  sunk from higher levels of the ocean.

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"Strain 121" has been able to double its
population during 24 hours in an autoclave at
121C (hence its name).
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Eubacteria

• Found everywhere!
• Microscopic
• Prokaryotic
• There are more bacteria in a person's mouth than
  there are people in the world.

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Structure of bacteria
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Structure of bacteria

• Cell wall protect and maintain osmotic balance
• Capsule found outside cell wall, added
  protection, helps attach the cell
• Nuclear material contains the genetic
  information need for reproduction
• Flagella for movement

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Bacteria Shape

• Three main shapes
• 1. cocci spherical
• 2. bacilli rods
• 3. spirillum spiral/corkscrew
• Shapes are often used in their scientific name

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More shapes of bacteria

• Vibrio curved
• Spirochete
• Square
• Star

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Shapes can be combined with the following in
names

• Diplo two
• Strepto chain
• Staphylo cluster of cells

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Next time

• Reproduction in bacteria
• Pathogenic bacteria