Notes for Biology

1
Notes for Biology

• Mrs. Roberts Class

2
Table of contents

• Click on a topic below
• People to Know
• Goal 1
• Goal 2
• Goal 3
• Goal 4
• Goal 5

3
People To Know
4
WATSON AND CRICK

• DISCOVERED THE DOUBLE HELIX STRUCTURE OF DNA
• WON NOBEL PRIZE IN 1962
• WORKED WITH MAURICE WILKINS AND ROSLIND FRANKLIN

5
GREGOR MENDEL

• CONSIDERED THE FATHER OF GENETICS
• MONK WHO WORKED WITH PEA PLANTS TO COME UP WITH
  THE BASIC RULES OF GENTICS
• 3 LAWS
• DOMINANCE
• SEGREGATION
• INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

6
CHARLES DREW

• AFRICAN AMERICAN WHO RECEIVED HIS MD IN THE
  1930S
• FAMOUS FOR HIS WORK WITH BLOOD BANKS
• PIONEERED THE RED CROSS

7
CHARLES DARWIN

• NATURALIST ABOARD HMS BEAGLE
• DEVELOPED THE IDEA OF NATURAL SELECTION FROM HIS
  WORK ON THE GALOPOGAS ISLANDS (FINCHES)
• THEORY OF EVOLOUTION BASED ON HIS BOOK CALLED THE
  ORIGIN OF SPECIES

8
LOUIS PASTEUR

• FATHER OF PASTEURIZATION
• DID EXPERIMENTS WITH BOILED BROTH AND BENT NECK
  ON FLASK. STILL NO BACTERIAL TODAY!
• PUT AN END TO THE IDEA OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

9
CAROLUS LINNAEUS

• CREATED BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2 NAME NAME)
• STARTED OUR MODERN TAXONOMY SYSTEM
• USED LATIN BECAUSE IT WAS A DEAD LANGUAGE (GAY,
  BAD, PHAT)

10
RACHEL CARSON

• WROTE BOOK CALLED SILENT SPRING
• MOTHER OF ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
• TOLD OF THE DANGERS OF PESTICIDE USE
• WARNED OF BIOACCUMULATION OF DDT IN BIRDS

11
JANE GOODALL

• STUDIED CHIMPS FOR MANY YEARS
• FOUND THAT THEY HAVE SIMILAR BEHAVIORS AND SOCIAL
  STRUCTURE AS HUMAN SOCIETIES.
• FIRST TO OBSERVE TOOL USE FOR TERMITE CATCHING
• Back to table of contents

12
THE LEARNER WILL DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE

• Goal 1

13
OBJ. 1.01

• ANALYZE THE MATTER-ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS OF LIVING
  AND NON LIVING THINGS

14
CONTRAST LIVING AND NONLIVNG THINGS

• METABOLIZE
• RESPOND TO STIMULI
• USE ENERGY
• REQUIRE WATER
• REPRODUCE
• GROW/DEVELOP
• HAVE ADAPTATIONS

• NONLIVING THINGS CAN DO SOME OF THESE THINGS BUT
  CANNOT REPRODUCE ON THEIR OWN, MOST DO NOT GROW
  OR DEVELOP,

15
METABOLISM

• THIS IS ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT HAPPEN IN
  LIVING THINGS
• CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• ENZYMES BINDING TO SUBSTRATES
• THE USE OF ENERGY TO DO THESES REACTIONS

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RESPOND TO STIMULI

• STIMULUS IS WHEN SOMETHING IN THE ENVIRONMENT
  CAUSES A REACTION IN AN ORGANISM
• RESPONSE IS THE REACTION
• EXAMPLE TACK IN YOUR SEAT MAKES YOU JUMP UP
• YOU SNATCH YOUR HAND AWAY FROM SOMETHING HOT

17
USE ENERGY

• ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY
• AUTOTROPHS (SELF FEEDERS) USE THE SUN AS THEIR
  ENERGY SOURCE AND CAN MAKE FOOD THROUGH
  PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• HETEROTROPHS (OTHER FEEDERS) OBTAIN THEIR ENERGY
  BY EATING
• SAPROBES (DECOMPOSERS) EAT DEAD THINGS AND PUT
  NUTRIENTS BACK INTO THE ECOSYSTEM

18
WATER

• ALL LIVING THINGS REQUIRE WATER TO LIVE. WATER
  IS IN ALMOST EVERY CHEMICAL REACTION.
• WATER HAS PROPERTIES THAT ALLOW IT TO DO THIS
• ADHESION
• COHESION
• POLARITY

19
REPRODUCE

• ALL LIVING THINGS REPRODUCE. THIS MEANS THAT
  THEY MAKE MORE OF THEIR OWN KIND. (OFFSPRING)
• THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
• ASEXUAL ONLY ONE PARENT AND OFFSPRING IS
  IDENTICAL
• SEXUAL- TWO PARENTS AND THE OFFSPRING IS
  DIFFERENT FROM PARENT

20
GROW AND DEVELOP

• GROW MEANS THAT MORE CELLS ARE ADDED AND THE
  ORGANISM GETS BIGGER
• DEVELOP MEANS THAT YOU CHANGE FROM YOU CHILD FORM
  INTO YOUR ADULT FORM
• METAMORPHOSIS EGG-MAGGOT-FLY
• NYMPHEGG-LITTLE BUG-BIGGER BUG
• PUBERTYCHILD-ADOLESECENT-ADULT

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ADAPTATIONS

• LIVING THINGS HAVE ADAPTATIONS THAT ALLOW THEM TO
  SURVIVE IN A GIVEN ENVIRONMENT
• FUR ON BOTTOM OF SNOW LEOPARDS FEET
• LIZARD DROPPING TAIL/GROW NEW ONE
• STRIPES ON TIGER/ SPOTS ON LEOPARD
• TAIL ON MONKEYS

22
1.01A

• CHEMICAL PROCESSES AND REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF
  CELLS

23
1.01A C0NT.

• HOMEOSTASIS IS THE CONDITION OF LIVING THINGS OF
  STAYING IN A CONSTANT STATE OF METABOLISM
• TEMPERATURE
• SHIVER, SWEAT
• PH
• BUFFERS
• SALINITY
• OSMOTIC BALANCE (KIDNEY) THIRST

24
1.01B

• BONDING PATTERNS

25
1.01B

• ATOMS ARE ATTRACTED TO EACH OTHER TO FORM BONDS
  BECAUSE OF THE CRAZY 8. EACH WANT 8 ELECTRONS
  IN THE OUTER ENERGY LEVEL AND THEY WILL
• SHARE ELECTRONS THROUGH COVALENT BONDS TO GET 8
  OR
• TRANSFER ELECTRONS THROUGH IONIC BONDING

26
1.01B

• BONDS CAN BE REPRESENTED BY LINES BETWEEN
  STRUCTURAL MODELS BY
• C-C SINGLE BOND
• CC DOUBLE BOND
• CC TRIPLE BOND

27
1.01B

• COVALENT BONDS ARE THE STRONGEST. THEY FORM
  TIGHTLY BONDED MOLECULES THAT REQUIRE LOTS OF
  EFFORT TO BREAK (MARRIED)
• IONIC BONDS ARE STRONG BUT CAN BE BROKEN EASIER
  THAT COVALENT (LIVING TOGETHER)
• HYDROGEN BONDS ARE EASY TO BREAK (HUSSY)

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1.01B

• ALL ATOMS WANT CRAZY 8. SO
• CARBON HAS 4 SO IT NEEDS 4 AND WILL FORM 4 BONDS
• HYDROGEN HAS ONE /NEEDS 1
• OXYGEN HAS 6/NEED 2 SO IT WILL FORM 2 BONDS
• NITROGEN HAS 5/ NEEDS 3 SO IT WILL FORM 3 BONDS

29
1.01B

• BONDS ARE IMPORTANT TOENZYMES BECAUSE THEY NEED
  TO TEMPORARLY BIND TO THE SUBSTRATE THEN RELEASE
  (HYDROGEN)

30
1.01B

• BONDS ARE IMPORTANT TO
• RESPIRATION BECAUSE THE BONDS OF GLUCOSE HAVE TO
  BE BROKEN TO PROVIDE THE BODY WITH ENERGY THROUGH
  ATP

31
1.01B

• BONDS ARE IMPORTANT TO
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS BECAUSE CARBON ATOMS ARE BONDED
  TOGETHER TO FORM GLUCOSE.

32
1.01B

• BONDS ARE IMPORTANT TO
• DIGESTION BECAUSE THE BONDS ARE BROKEN IN THE
  FOOD WE TAKE IN TO PROVIDE OUR BODIES WITH THE
  NUTRITION WE NEED

33
1.01B

• HYDROLYSIS- ANY REACTION THAT REQUIRES WATER
  INORDER FOR THE REACTION TO TAKE PLACE
  (PHOTOSYNTHESIS)

34
1.01B

• DNA HAS HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN NUCLEOTIDES SO
  THAT THEY CAN BE SEPARTED EASILY DURING
  REPLICATION AND PROTEIN SYSNTHSIS

35
1.01c

• ENERGY USE AND RELEASE IN BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS

36
1.01C CONT.

• COUPLED REACTIONS ARE REACTIONS WHERE THE PRODUCT
  FROM ONE REACTION IS THE REACTANTS FOR ANOTHER
  REACTION
• EX. CELLUALR RESPIRATION AND PHOTO SYNTHESIS AND
  ATP-ADP CYCLE

37
1.01C

• ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS ABSORB HEAT FROM THE
  ENVIROMENT
• EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS RELEASE HEAT TO THE
  ENVIRONMENT

38
1.01C
ATP
REMOVE A P
REPLACE A P
ADP P
39
1.01C CONT

• PROTEINS- MADE OF AMINO ACIDS/PEPTIDE BONDS/ MAKE
  YOU/ENZYMES (LOOK 4 N)
• CARBOHYDRATES- SUGARS-ENERGY SUGAR AND
  STARCH/CELLULOSE CELL WALL (21)
• LIPIDS- FATTY ACID/GLYCEROL-STORED
  ENERGY/MEMBRANE/BRAIN
• (NOT 21)

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1.02

• DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CELL
  ORGANELLES

41
1.02 CONT

• NULCEUS- CONRTOL CENTER- CONTAINS DNA
• PLASMA MEMBRANE- PHOSPHOLIPIDS KEEPS THINGS IN OR
  OUT BUBBLES-TRANSPORT PROTEINS
• CELL WALL- IN PLANTS MADE OF CELLULOSE SUPPORT
  AND PROTECTION
• MITOCHONDRIA- POWER HOUSE ENERGY

42
1.02 CONT

• VACUOLES- STORAGE ORGANELLES PLANTS HAVE LARGE
  ONES
• CHLOROPLAST IN PLANTS, HAVE CHLOROPHYLL,
  (THYLAKOID AND STROMA) CARRY OUT PHOTOSYNTHEIS
• RIBOSOMES- WORKERS, ACTUALLY MAKE PROTEINS

43
1.02

• UNICELLULAR
• ONLY ONE CELL
• HAS TO DO IT ALL
• CAN BE PROKARYOTE (BACTERIA) OR EUKARYOTE
  (PROTIST)

• MULTICELLULAR
• HAS MANY CELLS
• EACH CELL MAY DO A DIFFERENT JOB
• ONLY EUKARYOTES

44
1.02 CONT

• EYEPIECE 10X
• FINE/COURSE FOCUS
• NOSEPIECE
• HIGHPOWER 40X OR LOW POWER 10X OBJECTIVES
• ARM AND STAGE
• BASE

45
1.03

• COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
  OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

46
CONTRASTPROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE

• BACTERIA
• VERY SMALL
• NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
• DNA IN CIRCULAR

• EVERYTHING ELSE
• CAN BE SMALL OR LARGE
• HAVE MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
• DNA IS HELICAL

47
1.04

• ASSESS AND EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER TO
  CELLS

48
1.04

• WATER IS IMPORTANT TO CELLS BECAUSE OF ITS
• ADHESION- STICKS TO OTHER THINGS
• COHESION-STICKS TO ITSELF
• POLARITY- UNEVEN CHARGES
• UNIVERSAL SOLVENT- DISOLVES ALL POLAR MOLECULES

49
1.04

• ACTIVE TRANSPORT- REQUIRES ENERGY TO GO FROM LOW
  TO HIGH
• PASSIVE TRANSPORT- DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY GOES
  FROM HIGH TO LOW
• DIFFUSION GOES FROM HIGH TO LOW
• OSMOSIS DIFFUSION OF WATER
• SEMIPERMEABLE- SOME IN /OUT

50
1.04

• PREDICT WHAT WILL HAPPEN IN THE FOLLOWING
• BEAKER 70/30 CELL 70/30
• BEAKER 50/50 CELL 70/30
• BEAKER 100 WATER CELL 70/30

51
1.05

• DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ENZYMES
  AND EXPLAIN THEIR IMPORTANTCE TO BIOLOGICAL
  SYSTEMS

52
1.05

• ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYST THAT ARE PROTEINS
  AND ARE SPECIFIC TO A REACTION
• THEY ARE REUSED AFTER THEY CATALYZE A REACTION
• PH AND TEMPERATURE CAN DENATURE (CHANGE SHAPE) OF
  AN ENZYME

53
1.05

• ENZYMES CAN SLIGHTLY CHANGE THEIR SHAPE TO FIT
  THE SUBSTRATE THEY BIND TO. THIS IS THE INDUCED
  FIT THEORY
• SOME GENETIC DISEASES LIKE PKU ARE CAUSED BY
  MUTATIONS IN DNA THAT CAN EFFECT THE PRODUCTION
  OF ENZYMES

54
1.06

• ANALYZE THE BIOENERGETIC REACTIONS SUCH AS
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• CELLULAR RESPIRATION (AEROBIC)
• ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
• CHEMOSYNTHESIS

55
1.06

• AEROBIC (CELLULAR RESPIRATION)
• GLYCOLYSIS- MAKES 4 ATPS USES 2
• KREBS CYCLE 1 ATP FOR EVERY TURN IT DOES 2
  TURNS FOR EVERY GLUCOSE
• ELECTRON TRAANPORT- 32 ATPS
• MAKES 38 ATPS USES 2 ATPS OVERALL 36 ATPS
  PRODUCES

56
1.06

• FERMENTATION (ANAEROBIC)
• ALCOHOLIC AND LATIC ACID ARE TWO TYPES END
  PRODUCT STILL HAS ENERGY IN IT
• GLYCOLYSIS IS THE SAME (NET 2) BUT ONLY 2 MORE
  IS PRODUCED IN THE ALCOHOLIC AND LATIC ACID STEP
• THIS GIVES A TOTAL OF 4 ATPS

57
COMPARE/ CONTRASTAEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC

• BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE
• IN ORGANISMS THAT REQUIRE OXYGEN
• MAKES 36 ATPS TOTAL

• BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE
• IN ORGANISMS THAT DO NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN LIKE SOME
  BACTERIA/YEAST
• MAKES A TOTAL OF 4 ATPS/ STILL ENERTY LEFT IN
  PRODUCT

58
COMPARE/CONTRASTPHOTO AND CHEMOSYNTHEISIS

• PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• MAKE GLUCOSE
• FROM PHOTONS OF LIGHT
• OCCURS IN PLANTS
• HAS 2 PHASES LIGHT AND DARK

• CHEMOSYNTHESIS
• MAKES GLUCOSE
• FROM CHEMICALS RELEASED FROM UNDERWATER VENTS IN
  OCEAN
• OCCURS IN DEEP OCEAN BACTERIA

59
1.06

• THE FUNCTION OF ATP IS THE STORAGE AND RELEASE OF
  ENERGY
• ADP P ATP IS ENDERGONIC AND STORES ENERGY
• ATP-P ADP P IS EXERGONIC AND RELEASES ENERGY
• THEY ARE COUPLED REACTIONS THE ENERGY RELEASED
  FROM ONE IS USED TO POWER THE OTHER

60
1.06

• KNOW THE FORMULA FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• 6CO2 6 H2O? C6H12O6 6O2
• KNOW THE FORMULA FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION IS
  BACKWARDS
• C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6 H2O
• Back to table of contents

61
THE LEARNER WILL DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE
CONTINUITY OF LIFE AND THE CHANGES OF ORGANISMS
OVER TIME

• GOAL 2

62
2.01

• ANALYZE AND EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF GENETICS AND
  ENVIRONMENT IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

63
2.01

• A MUTATION IS A CHANGE IN THE CODE OF DNA
• POINT ONLY ONE LETTER
• FRAME SHIFT READS WRONG LIKE
• THE CAT ATE THE RAT/HEC ATA TET HER AT
• INVERSION- FLIP OVER
• TRANSLOCATE- BREAK OFF ONE JOIN ANOTHER
• DELETE/ INSERT- LOSE OR ADD A NUCLEOTIDE

64
2.01

• DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) IS THE HEREDITY
  MOLECULE
• IT IS MADE OF NUCELOTIDES PHOSPHATE-SUGAR-NITROG
  EN BASE
• THERE ARE 4 KINDS OF NITROGEN BASES
• ADININE, GUANINE, CYTOSINE, AND THYMINE (A G C T)
• AS AND TS PAIR UP CS AND GS PAIR UP

65
2.01A

• DNA REPLICATES BY
• AN ENZYME UNZIPS THE DNA
• TWO STRANDS SEPARATE
• FREE NUCLEOTIDES COME IN AND PAIR UP
• ANOTHER ENZYME REZIPS THE NEW AND OLD STRANDS AND
  YOU NOW HAVE 2 COMPLETE STRANDS OF DNA

66
2.01B

• PROTEIN SYSNTHESIS
• DNA HAS CODONS FOR AMINO ACIDS
• MRNA COMES IN AND TRANSCRIBES DNA
• MRNA LEAVES NUCLEUS AND GOES TO THE RIBOSOME
• TRNA (ANTI CODON) TRANSLATES THE CODON AND GETS
  AMINO ACID AND BRINGS IT TO THE RIBOSOME TO JOIN
  TO MAKE PROTEINS

67
2.01B

• A CHANGE IN THE DNA SEQUENCE (MUTATION) CAN
  CHANGE WHAT MRNA COPIES DOWN AND EVENTUALLY
  CHANGE THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF A PROTEIN
• CROSSING OVER (SWITCHING PARTS) RANDOM ASSORTMENT
  DURING MEIOSIS CAN CREATE NEW AMINO ACID
  SEQUENCES

68
2.02

• COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
  ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

69
2.02

• ASEXUAL
• MANY OFFSPRING
• ALL IDENTICAL
• REPRODUCE FAST
• WHAT KILLS ONE WILL KILL ALL

• SEXUAL
• FEW OFFSPRING
• NOT IDENTICAL GENES SHUFFLED
• NOT ALL EFFECTED THE SAME BY DISEASE OR
  ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

70
2.02 COMPARE AND CONTRAST MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

• 2 IDENTICAL DAUGHER CELLS
• SAME (DIPLOID) CHROMOSOME NUMBER (2n)
• USED FOR GROWTH, REPAIR, AND REPRODUCTION IN
  PROTIST BACTERIA

• 4 NONIDENTICAL CELLS
• HALF (HAPLOID) THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER (n)
• USED TO MAKE GAMETES

71
2.03

• INTERPRET AND USE THE LAWS OF PROBABILITY TO
  PREDICT PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE

72
2.03

• WORDS TO KNOW
• GENOTYPE- GENES
• PHENOTYPE- LOOKS
• HOMOZYGOUS- SAME GENES (BB bb)
• HETEROZYGOUS-DIFFERENT GENES (Bb)
• MONOHYBRID- ONE TRAIT
• DIHYBIRD- TWO TRAITS

73
2.03

• SHORT CUTS FOR PHENOTYPES
• HOMOZYGOUS X HOMOZYGOUS 100 DOMNIANT TRAIT
• HETEROZYGOUS X HETEROZYGOUS 31 3 DOMINANT 1
  RECESSIVE 9331 FOR
  DIHYBRID CROSS 9 DOM/DOM 3DOM/REC 3 REC/DOM 1
  REC/REC
• HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE X HETEROZYGOUS 50/50
  11

74
2.03

• TEST CROSS- CROSS UNKNOWN WITH KNOWN AND LOOK AT
  OFFSPRING
• DOMINANT- SHOWS UP IF PRESENT
• RECESSIVE- ONLY SHOWS UP WHEN ALL RECESSIVE
• CODOMINANT- BOTH SHOW UP EQUALLY

75
2.03

• MULTIPLE ALLELES- MORE THAN ONE ALLELE IN THE
  POPULATION (FUR COLOR OF CATS)
• SEX-LINKED TRAITS- ON X CHROMOSOME FEMALE
  CARRIER, MALE HAVE IT HEMOPHILLA, COLOR BLIND,
  BALDNESS
• POLYGENETIC- MANY GENES CONTROL A TRAIT (SKIN)
  VARIATIONS

76
2.03

• HUNTINGTONS DISEASE IS A DOMINANT TRAIT SO IF
  YOU HAVE EVEN ONE GENE YOU GET THE DISEASE

77
2.03

• HERE IS A PEDIGREE FOR A FAMILY WITH THE TRAIT
  FOR HUNTINGTONS

PAUL
78
2.04

• ASSESS THE APPLICATION OF DNA TECHNOLOGY TO
  FORENSICS, MEDICINES, AND AGRICULTURE

79
2.04

• DNA FINGERPRINTING (GEL ELECTROPHORESIS) IS USED
  TO DETERMINE
• CRIME SCENE EVIDENCE
• PATERNITY
• IDENTIFY PEOPLE
• SCREEN FOR GENETIC DISORDERS WITH A PROBE (DNA
  FOR A DISEASE)

80
2.04

• GENE THERAPY IS WHEN A GOOD GENE IS INSERTED INTO
  AN INDIVIDUAL BY A VECTOR. HOPING THAT THE GOOD
  GENE WILL BE TAKEN UP.
• HUMAN GENES CAN BE INSERTED INTO BACTERIA SO
  THEY CAN MAKE HUMAN PROTEINS (INSULIN)

81
2.04

• TRANSGENEINC ORGANISMS CONTAIN DNA FROM ANOTHER
  SPECIES (MILK AND MONEY)
• CLONING IS CREATING AN EXACT DUPLICATE OF AN
  EXISTING INDIVIDUAL BY INSERTING THEIR DNA INTO
  AN EGG THE DONORS HAS BEEN REMOVED AND IMPLANTING
  IT

82
2.04

• MOST GENETIC ENGINEERING IS DONE IN THE FIELD OF
  AGRICULTURE. ONE EXAMPLE IS ROUND UP READY
  SOYBEANS. ANOTHER IS IMPLANTING DISEASE
  RESISTANT GENES IN CROPS.

83
2.04

• IN GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
• DNA IS MULTIPLIED BY PCR
• THEN CUT BY RESTRICTION ENZYMES
• DYED AND RUN ON A GEL BY USE OF ELECTRICITY (DNA
  IS NEGATIVE SO IT WILL RUN TO A POSITIVE CHARGE)

84
2.04

• SOME PEOPLE ARE UPSET WITH GENETIC ENGINEERING
  BECAUSE THEY FEEL THAT WE ARE PLAYING GOD BY
  MOVING GENES AROUND. THEY ARE AFRAID OF WHAT
  MIGHT HAPPEN IF THESE GENES GET MIXED INTO THE
  WILD POPULATION OF ORGANISMS. DO WE HAVE THE
  RIGHT TO MESS WITH GENES?

85
2.05

• ANALYZE AND EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF GENETICS AND
  ENVIRONMENT IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

86
2.05

• YOU MAY HAVE A GENE THAT MIGHT PREDISPOSE YOU TO
  A DISEASE IF EXPOSED TO CERTAIN ENVIRONMENAL
  CONDITIONS
• SKIN CANCER- I MIGHT HAVE THE GENE BUT WILL NOT
  GET CANCER IF I STAY OUT OF THE SUN
• MOVE TO DRY STATE FOR ASTHMA
• EAT RIGHT FOR CARDIOVASCULAR

87
2.05

• SICKLE CELL- DEFORMED HEMOGLOBIN THAT CLOGS
  VESSELS
• COLOR BLINDNESS- SEXLINKED- CANT SEE CERTAIN
  COLORS
• CYSTIC FIBROSIS- THICK MUCUS THAT CLOGS LUNGS AND
  PANCREAS
• HEMOPHILIA- SEXLINKED FREE BLEED
• DOWN SYNDROME-RETARDED/TRISOMY 21
• HUNTINGTONS- BRAIN,DOMINANT,40S

88
2.05

• MALNUTRITION AND LEAD POISONING CAN TURN SOMEONE
  WHO IS GENETICALLY NORMAL INTO SOMEONE WHO IS
  RETARDED OR PHYSICALLY DEFORMED

89
2.05

• RADIATION AND TOBACCO CAN CHANGE DNA WHICH CAN
  CAUSE CANCER

90
2.06

• EXAMINE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF
  BILOOGICAL EVOLUTION INCLUDING
• THE ORIGINS OF LIFE
• PATTERNS
• VARIATIONS
• NATURAL SELECTION

91
2.06A ORIGINS

• BIOGENESIS
• LIVING THINGS MAKE LIVING THINGS

• ABIOGENESIS
• NONLIVING THINGS CAN MAKE LIVING THINGS
• SOMETIMES CALLED SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

92
2.06A

• LOUIS PASTEUR DID EXPERIMENTS WITH BOILED BROTH
  AND BENT NECKED FLASK TO SHOW THAT BACTERIA WAS
  IN THE AIR AND DO NOT POOF APPEAR OUT OF NO
  WHERE.
• STILL NO BACTERIA TODAY

93
2.06

• OPARIN STATED THE EARLY ATMOSPHERE DID NOT HAVE
  OXYGEN IT HAD METHANE AND AMMONIA, AND WAS VERY
  HOT
• MILLER TOOK OPARINS IDEA AND CREATED AN
  EXPERIMENT TO SEE IF THE FIRST CELL COULD HAVE
  EVOLVED IN THAT SITUATION
• HE GOT AMINO ACIDS, CARBS, AND LIPIDS TO FORM,
  EVEN GOT CIRCLES (PROTOCELLS) TO FORM-

94
2.06B

• FOSSIL RECORD SHOWS THE ORDER THAT ORGANISMS
  OCCURRED BY WHICH LAYER OF ROCK THEY WERE IN
  OLDEST ON BOTTOM
• ADAPTIVE RADIATION- EVOLVE TO MEET FEEDING NICHE
  (FINCHES)
• VESTIGAL ORGANS- WE DONT USE
• BIOCHEMICAL SIMILARITIES- CHEMISTRY AND DNA THE
  SAME

95
2.06B

• THE PREVIOUS SLIDE SUGGEST THE REASON THAT WE
  HAVE SIMILAR CHARCTERISTICS IS THAT WE HAVE A
  COMMON ANCESTOR

96
2.06C-D

• NATURAL SELECTION
• VARIATIONS EXIST IN POPULATIONS
• TOO MANY OFFSPRING ARE BORN THAN CAN SURVIVE
• GOOD VARIATIONS SURVIVE, BAD DIE, GOOD GETS
  PASSED ON TO NEXT GENERATION.
• NEXT GENERATION HAS MOST OF THE GOOD VARIATIONS
• CHARLES DARWIN CAME UP WITH THIS

97
2.06

• IF ANIMALS ARE SEPARATED BY GEOGRAPHY AND THEY
  CANT GET BACK TO EACH OTHER TO REPRODUCE THEN
  VARIATIONS CAN BUILD UP TO THE POINT THAT THEY
  BECOME DIFFERENT SPECIES
• IF THEY BECOME REPRODUCTIVE AT DIFFERENT TIMES
  THEN EVEN IF REINTRODUCED THEY CANT MATE

98
2.06

• POPULATION OF ROACHES- SOME CONTAIN A VARIATION
  THAT MAKES THEM IMMUNE TO RAID- SPRAY WITH RAID
  ALL BUT THE ONES ABOVE DIE. ONES LEFT MATE- ALL
  OFFSPRING ARE NOW IMMUNE TO RAID
• SAME IS TRUE FOR ANITBACTERIAL PRODUCTS- SOON
  NOTHING WILL KILL BACTERIA
• Back to table of contents

99
THE LEARNER WILL DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE
UNITY AND DIVERSITY OF LIFE

• GOAL 3

100
3.01

• RELATE THE VARIETY OF LIVING ORGANISMS TO THEIR
  EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS

101
3.01

• THERE ARE CURRENTLY 5 OR 6 KINGDOMS
• PLANTS
• ANIMALS
• PROTIST
• FUNGI
• BACTERIA (MONERA) THIS ONE CAN BE BROKEN DOWN
  INTO TWO
• ARCHEBACTERIA
• EUBACTERIA

102
3.01

• CLASSIFICATION CAN CHANGE AS WE LEARN NEW THINGS
  ABOUT ORGANISMS SUCH AS
• THEIR DNA ANALYSIS
• BICHEMISTRY
• BETTER OBSERVATIONS OF EMBRYOLOGY

103
3.02

• CLASSIFY ORGANISMS ACCORDING TO ACCEPTED SYSTEMS
• KINGDOM
• PHYLUM
• CLASS
• ORDER
• FAMILY
• GENUS
• SPECIES

104
3.02DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS

• CHORDATA
• ARTHROPODA
• ANNELIDA
• MOLLUSCA
• GASTROPOD
• CEPHALOPOD
• BIVALVE
• PORIFERA
• CNIDERIA

• NERVE CORD
• JOINED FEET
• SEGMENTS/COELOM
• STOMACH FOOT
• HEAD FOOT
• 2 SHELL
• HOLES
• TENTACLES/ NEMATOCYST

105
3.02 DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS

• MOSSES
• FERNS
• GYMNOSPERMS
• ANGIOSPERMS
• FUNGI
• PROTIST
• MONERA

• NONVASCULAR/AG
• FROND/ AG
• CONE/NEEDLE/NAKED SEED
• FLOWERS/FRUIT
• HYPHE/MICORIZZA
• CLASSIFY/MOVE
• BACTERIA
• (ARCHE) HARSH ENVIR.
• (EU) COMMON

106
3.02

• VIRUSES ARE NOT CONSIDERED ALIVE BECAUSE THEY
  NEED YOU TO REPRODUCE
• LYTIC- ATTACH TO YOUR CELL AND INJECT THEIR DNA.
  YOU THEN MAKE THOUSANDS OF COPIES. CELL BURST AND
  THEY ATTACK OTHER CELLS
• LYSOGENIC- ATTACH, INJECT DNA, FORM A PROVIRUS
  THAT HANGS OUT FOR SOME TIME BEFORE DOING LYTIC
  CYCLE

107
3.02

• B NOMIAL NOMENCLATURE IS A 2 NAME NAME
  IT CORRESPONDS TO GENUS AND SPECIES
• DICHOTOMUS KEYS- IDENTIFICATION TOOL THAT HAS 2
  CHOICES AT EACH STEP

108
3.03

• DETERMINE THE FORM AND FUNCTION OF ORGANISMS
  INCLUDING
• ORGAN SYSTEMS OF ANIMALS
• FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS OF PLANTS
• TRANSPORT
• REPRODUCTION
• REGULATION

109
3.03

• BODY COVERINGS PROTECT ANIMALS FROM BACTERIA
  ENTERING THE BODY
• SKIN WITH HAIR/FUR OR SCALES OR FEATHERS
• MANTLE-TOUGH MEMBRANE
• CHITIN EXOSKELETON

110
3.03

• CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS PROVIDE ANIMAL WITH A
  TRANSPORT SYSTEM
• OPEN- PUMP WITH NO VESSELS
• CLOSED- PUMP WITH BLOOD IN VESSELS AT ALL TIMES
• VESSELS ARE VEINS AND ARTERIES
• PUMPS CAN BE ARCHES, 2 CHAMBERED, 3 CHAMBERED, OR
  4 CHAMBERED

111
3.03

• DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS BREAK DOWN FOOD
• TWO WAY- GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY FOOD GOES IN AN
  OUT SAME OPENING
• ONE WAY- MOUTH THRU ANUS- FOOD ENTERS ONE OPENING
  AND CONTINUES IN THE SAME DIRECTION UNTIL EXITING
  THE BODY THROUGH THE ANUS

112
3.03

• ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ARE A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN
  ANIMALS. IT WORKS BY HORMONES AND GLANDS
• NEGATIVE FEEDBACK IS WHEN ONE HORMONE TURNS
  ANOTHER HORMONE ON OR OFF LIKE A THERMOSTAT
  (MENSTRAL CYCLE)

113
3.03

• HERE ARE SOME GLANDS AND THEIR HORMONES
• PITUITARY- HUMAN GROWTH, FSH, LH, TSH, ADH
• THYRIOD- THYROXIN
• ADRENAL- EPI AND NOREPI
• TESTICLE- TESTOSTERONE
• OVARY-ESTROGEN

114
3.03

• EXCRETORY SYSTEMS FILTER BLOOD AND REMOVE WASTE
• KIDNEY,URETER, BLADDER, URETHRA
• THE NEPHRON IS THE MAJOR FUNCTIONAL UNIT IN THE
  KIDNEY
• MALPIGHIAN TUBULES
• NEPHRIDIA

115
3.03

• IMMUNE SYSTEMS PROVIDE ANIMALS WITH A WAY OF
  FIGHTING OFF DISEASES
• B CELLS- MADE/MATURE IN THE BONE THEY SHOOT
  ANTIBODIES/MAKE MEMORY CELLS/ AND ARE BLIND
• T CELLS- MADE IN BONE MATURE IN THYMUS
• HELPER T TELLS B CELLS WHERE TO SHOOT
• SUPRESSOR T TELLS WHEN TO STOP

116
3.03

• SOMETIMES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WILL OVERREACT TO
  HARMLESS THINGS. THIS IS CALLED AN ALLERGY

117
3.03

• THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM PROVIDE ANIMALS WITH A WAY TO
  MOVE
• STRIATED MUSCLES ARE VOLENTARY YOU CONTROL
  THEM/THEY LOOK STRIPED
• SMOOTH- INVOLENTARY YOUR BRAIN CONTROLS THEM
  (ORGANS) NO STRIPES
• CARDIAC- STRIATED THAT ACTS LIKE SMOOTH

118
3.03

• NERVOUS SYSTEMS PROVIDE ANIMALS WITH WAYS TO
  RECEIVE AND RESPOND TO STIMULI.
• THERE ARE 3 PARTS TO A NERVE CELL
• DENTRITES (SHORT)
• AXON(LONG)
• CELL BODY( ROUND)

119
3.03

• NERVE CELLS IN YOUR FINGERS CAN DETECT WHEN YOU
  TOUCH SOMETHING HOT. THEY SEND THE MESSAGE TO
  YOUR BRAIN. TWO NERVE CELLS DO NOT TOUCH. THERE
  IS A GAP CALLED A SYNAPSE BETWEEN THEM. THE
  MESSAGE IS CARRIED BY CHEMICALS CALLED
  NEUROTRANSMITTERS

120
3.03

• MOST ANIMALS REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY GAMETES
• SOME ARE HERMAPHRODITES (BOTH SEXES)
• SOME ARE PLACENTAL (UTERUS)
• SOME ARE MARSUPIAL (POUCH)
• SOME ARE MONOTREMES (EGG OUTSIDE OF THE BODY)

121
3.03

• PARTS OF THE HUMAN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• TESTICLE- MAKES SPERM
• EPIDIDYMIS- STORES SPERM
• VAS DEFERENS- TUBE THAT CARRIES SPERM
• PROSTATE, SEMINAL VESSICLE, AND COWPERS GLAND
  ADD FLUID
• PENIS- COPULATORY ORGAN

122
3.03

• PARTS OF A HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• OVARY- MAKES EGG
• FALLOPIAN TUBE- CARRIES EGG TO UTERUS
• UTERUS- WHERE BABY GROWS
• CERVIX- OPENING TO UTERUS
• VAGINA- BIRTH CANAL

123
3.03

• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PROVIDES ANIMALS WITH A WAY TO
  EXCHANGE GASES
• LUNGS
• GILLS
• SPIRICLES
• BOOK LUNGS

124
3.03

• SUPPORT SYSTEMS PROVIDE ANIMALS WITH A WAY TO
  REMAIN UPRIGHT
• SPONGE - SPICULES
• HYDRA-STARFISH- WATER PRESSURE
• ARTHROPODS- EXOSKELETON OF CHITIN
• CHORDATES- ENDOSKELETON MADE OF CARTILAGE OR BONE

125
3.03

• PLANTS
• TRANSPORT IS THROUGH XYLEM (WATER) AND PHLOEM
  (FOOD)
• REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY
• FRAGMENTATION, BUDDING, LAYERING,
• SEXUALLY
• POLLENATION
• REGULATED BY
• AUXIN- THE GROWTH HORMONE
• STOMA (TRANSPIRATION) (GAS EXCHANGE)

126
3.03

• ANGIOSPERMS USE FLOWERS TO REPRODUCE

STAMEN-ANTHER FILAMENT
PISTIL- STIGMA STYLE- OVARY
PETALS
127
3.03

• GYMNOSPERMS USE CONES AND WIND TO REPRODUCE

128
3.04

• COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE PROCESSES OF
  REPRODUCTION GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION
  OF MAJOR PHYLA

129
3.04

• REPRODUCTION
• CHORDATA/ SEXUAL SEPARATE SEXES
• ARTHROPODA/ SEXUAL/ SEPARTE SEXES/ PARTHENOGENSIS
  IS AN ASEXUAL METHOD OF REPRODUCTION

• GROWTH/DEVELOP
• BABY/ CHILD/ ADOLESCENT/ ADULT
• METAMORPHOSIS
• EGG/LARVA/PUPA/ ADULT
• EGG/ NYMPH/ ADULT

130
3.04

• REPRODUCTION
• ANNELIDA/ HERMAPHRODITE/ SEXUAL
• MOLLUSCA/ SEXUAL/ EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION FOR
  BIVALVES AND CEPHALOPOD

• GROWTH/DEVELOP
• EGG SAC/ NYMPH/ ADULT
• EGG/ LARVA / ADULT

131
3.04

• REPRODUCTION
• PORIFERA/SEXUAL/ HERMAPHRODITE/ EXTERNAL
  FERTILIZATION/ ASEXUAL BY BUDDING AND
  FRAGMENTATION
• CNIDERIA THE SAME

• GROWTH/DEVELOP
• EGG/ FREE SWIMMING LARVA/ SESSILE ADULT IN CASE
  OF CNIDERIA MEDUSA IS FREE SWIMMING AND POLYP IS
  SESSILE. JELLY FISH STAYS IN MESUSA STATE

132
3.04

• REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
• MOSSES AND FERNS REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY GAMETES
  BUT ASEXUALLY BY SPORES. THEY GO THROUGH
  ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS WHERE ONE GENERATION
  IS SEXUAL BUT THE NEXT IS ASEXUAL

133
3.04

• GYMNOSPERMS ARE PLANTS THAT REPRODUCE BY CONES.
  THEY ARE WIND POLLENATED
• ANGIOSPERMS ARE PLANTS THAT REPRODUCE BY FLOWERS.
  THEY ARE POLLENTATED BY INSECTS AND HUMMINGBIRDS

134
3.04

• AQUATIC PLANTS
• SUPPORT- WATER
• EXCHANGE GASES-WATER
• REPRODUCE - WATER
• NO NEEDTO WORRY ABOUT DRYING OUT OR GETTING WATER

• TERRESTRIAL PLANTS
• SUPPORT- STEMS
• EXCHANGE GASES- STOMA ON LEAVES
• REPRODUCE- CONE OR FLOWER
• NEED ROOTS TO GET WATER AND CUTICLE TO KEEP FROM
  DRYING OUT

135
3.05

• DETERMINE THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS THAT
  INFLUENCE THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISMS

136
3.05

• INTERNAL- GENETICS CONTROL THE GROWTH AND
  DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISMS HOWEVER
• EXTERNAL FACTORS CAN INFLUENCE GENETICS
  (IDENTICAL TWIN STUDIES)
• POOR NUTRITION CAN KEEP ORGANISMS FROM REACHING
  THEIR GENETIC POTENTIAL
• ENVIRONMENT CAN EFFECT GENES - TEMPERATURE
  CONTROLS GENDER IN REPTILES
• Back to table of contents

137
THE LEARNER WILL DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF
ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS

• GOAL 4

138
4.01

• IDENTIFY THE INTERRELATIONSHIPA AMONG ORGANISM,
  POPULATIONS, COMMUNITIES, ECOSYSTEMS, AND BIOMES

139
4.01

• BIOMES ARE CHARACTERISED AND CREATED BY ABIOTIC
  FACTORS SUCH AS AMOUNT OF RAINFALL, TEMPERATURE,
  SOIL TYPE, ETC..
• INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC
  FACTORS ALSO EFFECT BIOMES
• TRANSPIRATION CAN EFFECT RAINFALL

140
4.01

• NICHE IS AN ORGANISMS ROLE OR JOB IN AN
  ECOSYSTEMS
• EX. PREDATOR OR DECOMPOSER
• SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS
• MUTUALISM BOTH HELPED
• PARISTISM- ONE HELP/ HOST HURT
• COMMENSALISM- ONE HELPED OTHER NOT EFFECTED AT ALL

141
4.01

• PREDATOR/PREY RELATIONSHIPS
• PREY POPULATION GOES UP/ PREDATOR POPULATIONS
  GOES UP/ PREY POPULATION GOES DOWN/ PREDATOR
  POPULATION GOES DOWN/ PREY POPULATION GOES UP AND
  THE CYCLE CONTINUES

142
4.01

• DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP
• CAT/MOUSE
• FLEA/DOG
• CLEANER FISH/SHARK
• BARNCLE/ WHALE

143
4.01

• BIOTIC POTENTIAL- TOTAL NUMBER OF POSSIBLE
  OFFSPRING OF A POPULATION
• LIMITING FACTORS KEEP POPULATIONS FROM REACHING
  BIOTIC POTENTIAL

144
4.01

• DENSITY DEPENDENT LIMITING FACTORS DEPEND ON THE
  NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE POPULATION
• FOOD, WATER, SPACE, DISEASE, PARASITES
• DENSITY INDEPENDENT LIMITING FACTORS DO NOT
  DEPEND ON THE POPULATION
• NATURAL DISASTERS AND WEATER

145
4.01

• J-SHAPED CURVES SHOW A POPULATION THAT IS GROWING
  EXPONENTIALLY
• S-SHAPED CURVES SHOW A POPULATION THAT HAS
  REACHED ITS CARRYING CAPACITY
• CARRYING CAPACITY IS THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS AN
  AREA CAN SUPPORT

146
4.02

• ANALYZE THE CYCLING OF MATTER WATER, CARBON AND
  NITROGEN IN SYSTEMS

147
4.02

• WATER CYCLE
• HUMANS CAN MESS UP THIS CYCLE BY DEFORESTATION
  AND POLLUTION

CONDESATION
TRANSPIRATION EVAPORATION
PRECIPITATION
EARTH
148
4.02

• CARBON CYCLE
• HUMANS MESS THIS UP BY DEFORESTATION AND FOSSIL
  FUELS

ATMOSPHERE
RESPIRATION
BURNIG FUEL FOR HEAT, TRANSPORTATION, MANUFACTURI
NG
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
EARTH ECOSYSTEMS
149
4.02

• NITROGEN CYCLE
• HUMANS MESS UP THIS BY FARMING
• TOO MUCH FERTILIZER AND POOP THAT LEACHES TO THE
  WATER TABLE (BLUE BABY)

PLANTS
LIGHTINING
FERTILIZER POOP
NODULES
DEATH
150
4.03

• EXPLAIN THE FLOW OF ENERGY THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS

151
4.03

• THE FLOW OF ENERGY THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM CAN BE
  SHOWN BY A FOOD CHAIN

HETEROTROPH
CONSUMERS
3RD
PRODUCER
1ST
2ND
GRASS
BUG
FROG
SNAKE
AUTOTROPH
CARNIVORES
HERBIVORE
152
4.03

• INTERCONNECTING FOOD CHAINS MAKE A FOOD WEB
• A HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM HAS MANY CONNECTIONS IN ITS
  WEB
• OMNIVORES EAT PLANTS AND ANIMALS
• DECOMPOSERS BREAK DOWN ORGANISMS INTO NUTRIENTS

153
4.03

• PYRAMIDS CAN BE USED TO SHOW ENERGY TRANSFER,
  BIOMASS, OR NUMBERS
• ALL DECREASE AS YOU GO UP A FOOD CHAIN (10 RULE)

HAWK
SNAKE
TROPHIC LEVELS
RABBIT
GRASS/CLOVER
154
4.04

• ASSESS AND DESCRIBE SUCCESSIONAL CHANGES IN
  ECOSYSTEMS

155
4.04

• PRIMARY SUCCESSION IS WHERE AN ECOSYSTEM STARTS
  FROM BARE ROCK AND HAS TO CREATE SOIL

CLIMAX COMMUNITY
PIONEER SPECIES
BARE ROCK LICHEN
GRASS WEEDS
SHRUBS
PINE TREES
HARD WOODS
156
4.04

• SECONDARY SUCCESSION STARTS WITH AN ESTABLISHED
  ECOSYSTEM THAT IS DESTROYED. SOIL DOES NOT HAVE
  TO BE MADE

FOREST THAT IS DESTROYED
GRASS
SHRUBS
PINES
OAKS
157
4.05

• ASSESS AND EXPLAIN HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT
  INFLUENCE AND MODIFY THE ENVIRONMENT

158
4.05

• GLOBAL WARMING IS A POSSIBLE OUTCOME OF THE
  GREENHOUSE EFFECT.
• CAUSED BY TOO MUCH CO2
• EFFECTS FLOODING, CLIMATE CHANGES
• SOLUTIONS CUT BACK ON USE OF FOSSIL FUELS

159
4.05

• CO 2 TRAPS HEAT LIKE GLASS IN A GREEN HOUSE

SUNLIGHT
CO2
TURNS INTO HEAT AND CANT EXCAPE
EARTH
160
4.05

• HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH OCCURS WHEN THE BIRTH
  RATE EXCEEDS THE DEATH RATE
• ZPG- ZERO POPULATION GROWTH
• IMMIGRATION- MOVING IN
• EMMIGRATION- MOVING OUT

161
4.05

• MORE PEOPLE PUT MORE OF A DEMAND ON RESOURCES
• THE UNITED STATES HAS 20 OF THE POPULATION BUT
  USES OVER 60 OF THE EARTHS RESOURCES
• DEMOGRAPHICS- STUDY OF GENDER AND AGE BREAKDOWN
  OF A POPULATION

162
4.05

• DEMOGRAPHIC GRAPHS

SLOW GROWTH
STABLE
RAPID GROWTH
163
4.05

• BIOACCUMULATION IS THE BUILD UP OF TOXINS IN THE
  TOP MEMBERS OF A FOOD CHAIN (DDT/EAGLES)
• PESTICIDES KILL THE GOOD AND THE BAD BUGS
  (HONEYBEES)
• BUGS CAN BECOME RESISTANT TO PESTICIDES
  (COCKROACHS/RAID)
• Back to table of contents

164
STUDENTS WILL DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE
BEHAVIOR OF ORGANISMS RESULTING FROM A
COMBINATION OF HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT

• GOAL 5

165
5.01

• EVALUATE THE SURVIVAL OF ORGANISMS AND SUITABLE
  ADAPTIVE RESPONSIES TO ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES

166
5.01

• MIMICRY- WHEN A NONPOISONOUS ORGANISMS LOOKS LIKE
  A POISONOUS ORGANISM (VICEROY AND MONARCH
  BUTTERFLY)
• PROTECTIVE COLORATION- CAMOFLAUGE

167
5.01

• PARENTAL BEHAVIOR- WHEN PARENTS TAKE CARE OF OR
  DONT TAKE CARE OF OFFSPRING
• KILL / WONT FEEDRUNT
• KILL OFFSPRING IN TIMES OF STRESS
• FEEDING STRATIGES- ADAPTING TO DIFFERENT FOOD
  SOURCE IN BAD ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

168
5.01

• SOME ORGANISMS HAVE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO
  ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
• MICE ACT STRANGE IN OVERCROWED CONDITIONS
• BIRDS PLUCK OUT FEATHERS WHEN STRESSED

169
5.02

• ASSESS AND EXAMINE PLANT TROPISMS AND OTHER
  RESPONSES

170
5.02

• PHOTOTROPISM- GROWTH TOWARD LIGHT (AUXIN COLLECTS
  ON DARK SIDE OF PLANT)
• GEOTROPISM- GROWTH TOWARD OR AWAY FROM GRAVITY
• POSITIVE- ROOTS
• NEGATIVE- STEMS
• THIGMOTROPISM- GROWTH IN RESPONSE TO TOUCH
  (GRAPEVINE)

171
5.03

• ASSESS, DESCRIBE, AND EXPLAIN TYPES OF ANIMAL
  BEHAVIORS

172
5.03

• CHEMOTAXIS-MOVEMENT TOWARD (POSITIVE) OR AWAY
  (NEGATIVE) FROM A CHEMICAL (COOKIES)
• PHOTOTAXIS- MOVEMENT TOWARD OR AWAY FROM LIGHT
  (EUGLENA)
• REFLEX- AUTOMATIC UNCONTROLLED RESPONSED TO
  STIMULUS (SIT ON TACK)

173
5.03

• IMPRINTING- WHAT ORGANISM FIRST ATTACHES TO
  BECOMES PARENT AND WHAT THEY WILL IDENTIFY
  THEMSELVES AS
• INSTINCTS- COMPLEX INNATE BEHAVIORS (BIRDS
  BUILDING A NEST OR FLYING SOUTH) YOU ARE BORN
  WITH IT

174
5.03

• LEARNED BEHAVIOR
• HABIUATION-LEARN TO IGNORE STIMULUS (LIVING NEAR
  TRAIN)
• CONDITIONED RESPONSE- NATURAL RESPONSE TO
  UNNATURAL STIMULUS (PAVLOVS DOGS)
• TRIAL AND ERROR
• INSIGHT- LEARN FROM OTHERS MISTAKES

175
5.04

• ANALYZE THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS AND RHYTHMIC
  BEHAVIOR OF ORGANISMS

176
5.04

• CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS-
• DIURNAL- AWAKE AT DAYTIME
• NOCTURNAL- AWAKE AT NIGHT
• MIGRATION- MOVING
• ESTIVATION-DORMANT IN HOT/DRY
• HIBERNATION-DORMANT IN COLD
• BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS- (JET LAG) YOUR PERSONAL RHYTHM

177
5.05

• EVALUATE AND EXPLAIN THE EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIORAL
  ADAPTATIONS AND SURVIVAL OF POPULATION

178
5.05

• SOME ORGANISMS HAVE EVOLVED BEHAVIORS THAT HAVE
  ALLOWED THEM TO BETTER SURVIVE
• COURTSHIP RITUALS-ALLOW FEMALES TO PICK STRONGEST
  MALE (SHEEP BUTT HEADS)

179
5.05

• COEVOLUTION- EVOLVE TO NEED EACH OTHER (CANT
  SURVIVE WITHOUT EACH OTHER
• BEES FLOWERS
• ACACIA TREES ANTS
• SOCIAL BEHAVIORS- HAVE A HIERACHY TO ENSURE THAT
  THE MOST IMPORTANT GET FED
• Back to table of contents