Food and Nutrients

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Food and Nutrients
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Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Chains of monomers (single units) make polymers
  (macromolecules)
• Digestive enzymes breakdown polymers into their
  monomers

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Carbohydrates

• Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Major source for energy
• Made up of monosaccharides (simples sugars (e.g.
  glucose, fructose, galactose)
• Can form disaccharides (e.g. glucose fructose
  sucrose) and polysaccharides (e.g. glycogen and
  starch)

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Fiber

• Cellulose from cell walls cannot be digested by
  humans
• Insoluble fiber helps hold water and helps your
  muscles move food and wastes through your
  digestive system
• Soluble fiber may reduce the risk of heart disease

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Proteins

• Made up of amino acids
• Hair, muscles, enzymes
• Excess amino acids cannot be stored, so you need
  to eat protein every day
• Found in animal products such as meat, milk, eggs
  and cheese

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Lipids

• Made from fatty acids and glycerol
  (triglycerides)
• Energy storage
• Help absorb fat-soluble vitamins
• Cushioning and insulation

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The good, the bad and the ugly!

• Unsaturated Fats
• Have at least one double-bond carbon in the fatty
  acid chain
• Usually liquid at room temperature
• Small amounts are good for a healthy diet
• Saturated Fats
• Single-bonded carbons in fatty acid chain
• Contains the maximum number of hydrogen's
  (saturated)
• Solids at room temperature
• Eat sparingly
• Trans Fats
• Unsaturated fats that have been hydrogenated (had
  hydrogen added to them)
• Longer shelf live, solids at room temperature
• Should be avoided

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Vitamins Minerals

• Nutrients needed in small quantities
• If carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are the
  building blocks, then vitamins minerals are
  the tools

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• Vitamins
• Organic nutrients (contain carbon)
• Water- or fat-soluble
• Water-soluble vitamins like vitamin C and B
  cannot be stored and need to be in your daily
  diet
• Small amounts of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E,
  K) can be stored
• Minerals
• Inorganic nutrients (e.g. Ca, Fe, P, Cu, Na, Zn)
• Minerals should be a part of your daily diet to
  replace what you lose in sweat and urine

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Water

• Most important nutrient!

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Macromolecule Summary
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids
Dietary Source Cereals, bread, rice, potatoes Meat, eggs, cheese, beans Cheese, milk
Polymer (macromolecule) Polysaccharides Polypeptides Triglycerides
Monomer (subunits) Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Amino acids Glycerol fatty acids
Enzyme Amylase, lactase Proteases pepsin, peptidase, trypsin Lipases
Functions Energy!! Growth repair, enzymes, transport, energy Cellular membranes, nerve cells, hormones, energy
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Matching Quiz

• http//www.neok12.com/Health-Nutrition.htm
• Quiz on Nutrition 1 and 2