Chapter 26

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Chapter 26 The West and the World
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Text Describes Several Periods of European
Expansion

• Crusades
• Old Imperialism
• Columbus
• New World
• India
• Explosion of World Trade/Opening of Foreign
  Markets 1815-1880
• New Imperialism 1880-1900
• Asia and Africa
• This Chapter Focuses on the Last Two

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Part I. Trade Explosion of World Trade

• Why was there an Explosion of International Trade
  (headed by Europe) in the 19th Century?
• Better transportation
• Steam ship/Tramp Liners
• Protectionism in Europe
• Europeans Erected High tariffs, so traders looked
  to Foreign Markets
• Think economic nationalism (Friedrich List)
• Europeans traded more and more with India,
  Australia, China, America
• Suez and Panama Canals
• Telegraph cables under the sea

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Panama Canal
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Part II. Three Models of European Expansion in
Late 19th Century

• Expansion into Sparsely Populated Lands

• Expansion into Densely Populated Lands- Forced
  Trade

• Expansion into Densely Populated Lands-
  Political Rule

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First Model Expansion into Sparsely Populated
Lands

• Countries
• Australia
• Americas
• Railroad Makes it Feasible to Live in these Lands
  
• Refrigeration cars on railroads, for example

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Second Model- Expansion into Densely Populated
Lands - Forced Trade

• Countries
• China
• Japan

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China

• Traditionally isolated
• Letter to a Barbarian King
• Restrictions on European trade in China
• Only silver
• Highly regulated trade
• Created an unfavorable balance of trade for
  European nations
• British and the Opium War
• Chinese (citizens) want Opium/ British smuggle it
  in (from India)
• Chinese govt protests created a free trade
  excuse for war
• British whooped the Chinese
• Indian troops
• Humiliating Treaty of Nanking
• Opium trade is legalized
• Hong Kong is British trade headquarters
• Chinese Reaction
• Turn deeper into cultural isolation

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Japan

• Isolated
• gunboat diplomacy
• Commodore Matthew Perry
• Continuation of U.S. Manifest Destiny
• Japanese Reaction
• Meiji Restoration
• Adopt at least most effective parts of Western
  culture
• Remember when I said they are going to beat up on
  Russia?

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A Foreign Trading House in Yokohama
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Japan and China were Forced Open, But Never Fully
Controlled Directly

• U.S. Open-Door Policy

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End of Day 1 Lecture
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Third Model Expansion Into Densely Populated
Lands- Political Control

• Countries
• Most of Africa
• India
• Southeast Asia
• Parts of China

• Why a return to this model?
• First, what do I mean, return?
• Old Imperialism meant direct rule
• However, after political revolutions (American,
  French) this model was largely abandoned for
  Sphere of Influence Style Economic Imperialism
  (1815-1880)
• South American liberation
• So why would the Old Imperialism model return to
  fashion in 1880s?

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Old Direct Imperialism ? New Direct Imperialism
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Why a return to Political Domination?

• 1880-1900
• Main reasons for the change
• Economic
• Indian cotton
• South African Gold and Diamonds
• made other areas desirable as way-stations and
  military outposts on the way (See, Egypt, Suez
  Canal)
• If you hold important diamond mines in South
  Africa, you need to have the lands around to
  protect them.
• What if there are diamond mines in Botswana???
  Better go see!
• New Technologies
• Maxim Gun and Quinine and the steam boat
• New Nationalism
• Conservative Politicians can Use Imperialism to
  Distract Their Domestic Mobs From Internal
  Problems
• War with a guaranteed victory
• The Jungle Book. Craze of interest in
  Imperialism
• People of all classes liked it

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Maxim Machine Gun
Quinine
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• (Cont.)
• Social Darwinism- provides a justification
• Spread Christianity
• Civilize barbaric cultures
• Keeping up with the Joneses

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Egypt

• Sets the Model for New Political Imperialism of
  the 1880s- 1900s
• Suez had become vitally important
• Egyptian leadership tried to westernize
• Did, but at the expense of its peasants
• Cash crop farming ? makes more money, but means
  you entirely dependent on outside money
• Borrowed money from Europeans to build railroads,
  telephone lines, etc.
• When it cant pay the debt???
• When Egyptians protested growing British control
  (rioting), this allowed the British to move their
  troops in to restore order.
• They restored order from 1880 to about 1956

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Who Got What?
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Britain Was the Dominant Imperialist

• In 1900 The British Navy Was Twice the Size of
  Any Other
• Think about the most popular sports in the world
• Soccer
• Rugby
• Cricket
• India Was the Jewel in the British Crown
• Forced into a coherent political unit
• Kinda like if Europe was conquered and forced
  under one government

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Imperialism Led to European Conflict

• What happens when two countries see an African or
  Asian nation as vital to their economic
  interests?
• Berlin Conference held to settle African colonial
  claims peacefully
• No Africans invited
• You must meaningfully occupy an area to claim
  it
• The rush is on
• Why would Italy and Germany be behind other
  countries when it came to New Imperialism?
• Busy unifying while the rest of Europe is
  grabbing things up
• England? Splendid isolation
• France under Napoleon III in 1848 ? Germany not
  unified until 1871
• Kaiser Wilhem II
• I promise to win for Germany a place in the
  sun.

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Justification For Imperialism

• White Mans Burden
• Social Darwinism
• Some Good Things Are Brought to Asia and Africa
• Technology, medicine, best parts of Western
  intellectual tradition, science
• Salvation
• Save the heathens
• Free trade- Adam Smiths Ideas

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Rudyard Kiplings White Mans Burden

• Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the
  best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo
  serve your captives' needTo wait in heavy
  harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your
  new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and
  half-child.Take up the White Man's burden--In
  patience to abide,To veil the threat of
  terrorAnd check the show of prideBy open
  speech and simple,An hundred times made plainTo
  seek another's profit,And work another's gain.

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and Criticism of Imperialism

• Radical Socialist criticism
• Helps only the bourgeoisie
• Lenin held this idea and we are going to see that
  this is one of the reasons that when Asian and
  African empires free themselves (much later ?
  after WWII) from New Imperialism, many will be
  drawn to Communism (China, Vietnam)
• Against western Classical Liberal position
  (breaks the golden rule)
• Remember, Many European Nations Have Just Fought
  for National Independence
• Social Darwinism clashes with Christianity
• Blessed are the strong, for they shall conquer
  the weak.

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Colonial Reaction to Imperialism

• Chinese versus Japanese model
• Japan will ultimately serve as a model to Asian
  anti-Imperialists
• They are often sent to Japan to study
• Europeans often trained locals to run their
  bureaucracies
• Puppet governments
• Dangerous, because this introduces natives to
  Western ideas. Why dangerous?
• Western ideas are largely contradictory to
  Imperialism
• Natural rights
• Nationalism
• Popular sovereignty
• Romanticism
• This is the origin of independence leaders like
  Gandhi

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Independence Movements

• India
• Indian National Congress
• Japan
• Meiji Restoration
• Its own brand of Imperialism
• Korea, Taiwan, Manchuria
• Defeats Russia in 1905
• Puts it on a collision course over spheres of
  influence in Asia
• China
• Slower to reform, but eventually did try
• Hundred Days of Reform
• Chinas inability to reform and deal with
  foreigners led to chaos
• Boxer Rebellion against foreigners
• Eventually Manchu Dynasty is toppled and China is
  declared a Republic on the eve of WWI

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End of Day 2 Lecture
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Case Studies in Imperialism

• The Belgian Congo
• Belgium claimed this land, but was having trouble
  turning a profit
• Ironically, few of the colonies actually did
  ultimately return a profit
• The most valuable good in Congo was rubber
• Native Congolese were given quotas of rubber to
  gather
• If they didnt meet their quotas.

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5-8 Million Victims! (50 of Popul.)
It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers)
returning with the hands of the slain, and to
find the hands of young children amongst the
bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber
from this district has cost hundreds of lives,
and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to
help the oppressed, have been almost enough to
make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic
is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to
rise and sweep every white person on the Upper
Congo into eternity, there would still be left a
fearful balance to their credit. --
Belgian Official
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Leopold II
News About the Congo Eventually Leaked Out and
Became a cause celèbre in about 1900
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South Africa

• Originally colonized by the Dutch during Old
  Imperialism
• Mediterranean climate
• Very appealing colony
• Key way-station on the pre-Suez route to Asia
• Dutch became known as Boers or Afrikaners
• British eventually wanted the colony as their
  imperial empire grew and they grabbed it as the
  Dutch Golden Age was ending (early 19th century)

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First Boer War

• British colonists and Boers increasingly came
  into conflict over land, especially after
  Diamonds were discovered
• De Beers
• From the name of the war, can you guess who won?

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The Great Trek

• Boers have to move inland to find farmland
  outside of British areas
• This brings them into competition with local
  African tribes

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Cecil Rhodes

• Successful British now own Northern and Southern
  coasts of Africa
• Cecil Rhodes
• Champion of white domination of Africa
• I contend that we English are the finest race
  in the world and the more of the world we inhabit
  the better it is for the human race.