Problems Facing the New Nation

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Problems Facing the New Nation
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• After the bold move by the Americansdeclaring
  independencewe now had to form our own
  government
• American people drew on a large and varied
  history of ideas to form the new government
• The Magna Carta 1215kings subject to law
• The English Bill of Rightsparliament is supreme

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• Americans also used town meetings and House of
  Burgess to set up local governments
• The ideas of John Locke and the
  Enlightenment.only by consent of the governed
  are we governed
• The colonies had also previously designed their
  own constitutions.Connecticut 1639
• Some banned slavery and allowed women the right
  to vote.

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• Massachusetts is the oldest state constitution in
  effect still today1780
• Virginia Statute for Religious Freedomdeclared
  that no person could be forced to form any
  religious opinion
• Remember that under British rule, only white land
  owners could vote
• Some states attempted to allow all people
  suffrage.but those rights were quickly revoked

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• Second Continental Congressappointed a super
  committee. Committee of Thirteen
• Articles of ConfederationA of C
• A of C called for only 1 branch of governmentthe
  legislative branch
• Uni- cameral .the would be no judges and no
  president
• The leg. Branch had no authority to tax
• They could only ASK for taxes and troops.states
  did not have to comply.

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• The AofC was ratified on 15 Nov. 1777 by
  Congress.sent to each state, for them to pass.
• Conflict of the western lands slowed the process
  downfinally gained approval in 1779 by everyone
  but Maryland
• Maryland wanted more of the now available western
  lands
• They refused to sign until an agreement was
  madeJefferson assured that the new lands would
  be divided.

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• The Land Ordinance Act of 1785 ordered that the
  land be divided up into townships36 sq miles.
  Then divided into 36 lots, each 640 acres each.
  One lots was to be maintained for schools, and
  one for a veterans home.
• The North West Ordinance of 1787 described how
  the territories that are now Illinois, Michigan,
  Ohio, Minnesota, and Wisconsin would be admitted
  into the Union.
• The Ordinance ordered the a governor be put in
  place, selected by Congress, and that no forced
  servitude be undertaken. This would end slavery
  in all of the new territoriesbut the problems
  are far from over.

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Study Guide

• Magna Carta
• English Bill of Rights
• The first form of U.S. government
• Land Ordinance Act of 1785
• Mayflower Compact
• Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
• Suffrage
• Articles of Confederation
• Slavery
• Coloniesconstitutions during the Revolution

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More Trouble

• It was very hard for America to enforce her
  treaties from Paris 1783
• Remember that America had no army, could only ask
  for troops
• England refused to leave the forts along the
  frontier and the Great LakesThe Brits dared
  America to use force to remove them

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Trade with Britain

• England made trade with America very difficult
• Imposed very high taxesor tariffs
• To cover the high cost of business, merchants
  raised prices that the consumer had to payled to
  a slow down in a new economy

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Trade with Spain

• Spain controlled the Mississippi,how?
• Spain would not allow ships to exit the Gulf with
  good and the negotiations fell apart
• Our federal government is but a name a mere
  shadow without substance.
• Many felt the US needed a strong full time army

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Post AofC

• With markets closed, farmers had no way to move
  their produce to market.
• Craftsmen had no way to ship their goods.
• The Revolution has robbed us of our trade with
  the West Indies.
• James Madison
• Why?

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The Dis-United States

• Many states began to only trade with their
  interest in mindno unity.
• States began to look for new trading
  partnersFrance, China, and the Netherlands
• Despite the warGreat Britain was still the
  biggest trading partner of the U.S.

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• Soon trade problems between the states and other
  countries caused severe debt and weak economies
  to plague the states
• Because the Confederate Congress had no
  regulatory powerthey could not regulate
  interstate commerce. States began to trade in
  their interest, and the U.S. economy failed.
• A meeting to try and improve the AofC was
  called..

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• States began to produce large amounts of money,
  to help pay the bills they were incurring this
  led to inflation. High prices with decreased
  value of currency.

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• After the war, GW had moved back to his farm in
  Virginiapeace and quiet!
• With the formation of the Constitution, it was
  agreed that the US needed a President, and
  everyone agreed GW was the man.
• Presidents are elected by an Electoral College
• Electoral College is more of a process than a
  building!
• The EC is a group of delegates from each state,
  equal to the number or congressmen that state
  has/both HoR members and Senate
• These men travel to the Capital to cast the
  official vote for the state they representthey
  usually do, but they are not required to follow
  the popular votethey can cast the EC vote how
  they choose.

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GW is the Man

• He was a war hero remember?
• Elected
• Only time ever since
• GW admitted he did not know what he should dohe
  was the first president
• He was setting precedentsomething that is new
  that will be followed from now on
• He gathered a cabinet to help himleaders of each
  unit of his cabinet called a secretarynot to be
  confused with phone answering office types

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• Alex Hamilton was Sec of treasury
• Tommy Jefferson was Sec of State
• Henry Knox was Sec of War
• Sammy Osgood was postmaster
• The Government set up the Judiciary Act of
  1789three levels of courts
• GW felt the stability of a government was based
  on the execution (following) of its laws

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Chapter 7

• Judiciary Act of 1789set up three distinct
  levels of federal courts.
• District Courts
• Court of Appeals
• Supreme Court

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• People wanted different things
• Most of US was ruralthey wanted to be left
  alone!
• Those in the citiesNY and Philly, wanted simple
  trade laws that would allow their business to
  grow
• Manufacturerspeople who make things, wanted
  protection from cheating trade practices of other
  countries
• The capital of the new US was in NY,Ny

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Important Terms

• Citizenship- 2 ways
• Main way is to be born on US soil. Or have
  American parents. Called NATIVE BORN
• OR---- You can immigratemove into the US from
  another country. By following a few guidelines
  and passing a citizenship test you are made a
  citizen.NaturalizedYOU CAN DO EVERYTHING BUT BE
  POTUS OR VPOTUS.

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• As a citizen YOU have RESPONSIBILITES.
• Follow the Law
• PAY TAXES
• BE AN INFORMED VOTER
• MALES AT THE AGE OF 18 MUST SIGN-UP with
  Selective Service
• This is in case of the need to DRAFT soldiers.

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New York Stock Exchange

• An agreement between business men, signed under a
  tree at the corner of Wall Street and Broad.

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George Washington and the First Days

• GW had established his government. He used
  CABINETS as helpers. Cabinets are part of the
  EXE. Branch.
• Secretaries are appointed by POTUS and must be
  approved by the SENATE( part of Congress)
• Remember earlier who the first Cab. Sec. were.

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The Nation had a huge debt

• Why?
• Because of Warand Trade problems after the war.
• To pay off the debt Hamilton suggested sell
  BONDS basically Bonds are
• I.O.U.s issued by government.

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Difficult Times

• The U.S. had a large war debta national debt
• The government was attempting to apply tariffs to
  American made whiskey
• Bonds were sold to recoup some of the money. A
  bond is a loan to the government from the
  citizens. It is repaid at a guaranteed rate
• Questions about a national bank came up.
• Hamilton felt the government should get into the
  banking business, in order to manage the debt

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Thomas Jefferson

• Thought this was an abuse of the governments
  power
• Hamilton justified the bank with the idea of
  Loose Construction
• The government can take reasonable actions that
  the Constitution does not forbid
• Jefferson said the elastic clause said
  Necessary.not convenient

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• President Washington and the Congress agreed with
  Hamilton and the Bank of the United States was
  formed.

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The French Revolution 1789

• Removed King Louis XVI from the throne
• Marie Antoinette
• Where the guillotine was invented
• Encouraged by the American Revolt
• France also had high debts from supporting the
  coloniestaxed citizens
• Some Americans supported neutrality

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The Neutrality Proclamation

• The U.S. would refuse to get involved in any
  European conflict.the beginning of isolationism
• When did isolationism end?

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Problems with Neutrality

• France wanted help on the high seaswanted the
  U.S. to man privateersships for hire
• This would violate the N. Policy
• Jefferson wanted to help the French
• Hamilton wanted to help the English
• Jefferson said Washington was allowing Hamilton
  to run the White Househe resigned

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• British began to capture ships carrying food to
  the W. Indiessome were American merchant
  shipscalled impressment. Made Americans very sad
• Neither side wanted another warJays Treaty
  helped relax tensionsfor awhile.
• American citizens were very angrywanted to
  punish the British

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Spain

• There were also problems with Spain.
• Dispute over the U.S./ Spanish border
• Spain also had restricted access to N.O.
• U.S. Ambassador Pinckney and Spanish leader Godoy
  (goh-thoy)
• Pinckneys Treaty set the boundary between Spain
  at the 31 N
• Reopened N.O.

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• The U.S. continued to move N.W. despite indian
  protest
• The British were behind supplying the indians
  with supplies and guns
• Little Turtle was the leader of the indians
• The natives had won many battles
• Gen. Anthony Wayne took over control of the U.S.
  forces
• He defeated the indians at the Battle of Fallen
  Timberscalled that because of a tornado

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• Treaty of Greenville ended most hostilities
• Treaty stated that travelers would be safe from
  attack and that the indians would receive 20000
  worth of goods

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President Washington

• A true commander in-chief
• Whiskey Rebellionpeople in Pennsylvania refused
  to pay taxes on whiskey. Called themselves..
• The New Sons of Liberty
• Washington himself led a regiment to crush the
  rebellion

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• As he left office he had a warning
• Be careful of debt
• Be careful of political divisions
• Stay out of Europe.

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More Issues

• John Adams is now president.
• It would be very hard to follow in the foot steps
  of Washington
• The nation had failed to heed Washingtons
  advicewe now had political parties.
• The Federalistheaded by Hamiltonwanted
  government power
• The Democratic- Republican partyheaded by Tommy
  Jeffersonwanted?
• Very little government power
• Differences were regionalor where people lived

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Adams as President

• Some loved Adams and his hard work
• Others thought he was a let down compared to the
  hero that was Washington
• His first big testAn unnamed conflict

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• Some had wanted to help the French during the
  French and British conflict
• The U.S. refused to help and that caused tensions
• Adams sent diplomats to France to smooth things
  out
• The French diplomats demanded 250000 in order to
  sign a SHIPPING TREATY

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• The diplomats for America refused and came back
  to Americareporting that Diplomat X,Y, and Z
  demanded money
• Outrage against the government ensued.people
  wanted war, but Adams continued to try peace.
• The Democratic-Republicans began to bad mouth the
  Adams Administration
• This led to the Alien-Sedition Acts
• This law said that it was illegal to speak out
  against the government.
• This violated the Bill of Rights
• The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions decried
  this policy and it was not reinstated

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The Jefferson Era

• Election of 1800
• First time power had shifted peacefully
• Adams and PinckneyFederalist
• Jefferson and BurrDemocratic-Republicans
• Adams claimed Jefferson was too French and would
  cause another revolution
• Also Jefferson was big in science and
  philosophyAdams claimed he was against religion

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• Jefferson claimed Adams wanted to be king.
• Jefferson reminded the public of the Alien and
  Sedition Acts
• It was a close raceJefferson won, but a problem
  came up.
• 2nd place was too close, and 2nd place was the
  v.p.
• Ultimately this conflict led to the 12
  amendmentmaking the vp separate on the ballot

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Jeffersons first days

• He walked to the inaugurationhe didnt believe
  in fancy carriages
• He promised a smaller government
• He promised to do the will of the people
• He cut the military in an effort to reduce
  spending
• He began to rid the country of taxeslike the
  whiskey tax

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His Government

• Only a few hundred employees
• Jefferson felt the government should only do
  three things
• Protect the boarders
• Deliver the mail
• Collect customs

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Marbury v. Madison

• When Adams left office, he appointed several
  judges to the judiciarythis way the Federalist
  would have their men as judges
• Marbury, the Justice of the Peace under Adams,
  didnt deliver the complete paperwork on time. It
  was after midnight on the last day of Adams
  presidency
• MadisonJefferson's sec. of state, refused to
  appoint them
• This would lead to a landmark casestill debated
  today
• Marbury decides to sue Madison.C. Justice John
  Marshall agrees to hear the case.
• Jefferson and Marshall often arguedwho would
  win?

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• John Marshall decided that only certain cases
  should be heard/tried by the S. Court.and this
  was not one of them.
• Marshall was trying to avoid conflict with the
  Jefferson Administrationit worked
• This led the precedent of Judicial review
• In short this J.R. means the S. Court can try
  laws and decide if they are constitutional