Citizenship

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Citizenship the Constitution Civic Engagement
The Boston Tea Party December 16, 1773
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom August
28, 1963

• The Bill of Rights Institute
• DePaul University, Chicago, IL
• October 11, 2007
• Artemus Ward
• Department of Political Science
• Northern Illinois University

2
Democracy at Risk
Pulitzer-prize winning photograph Vietnam
Napalm by Kim Phuc Trang Bang, South Vietnam
1972

• Americans have turned away from politics and the
  public sphere in large numbers, leaving our civic
  life impoverished. Citizens participate in public
  affairs less frequently, with less knowledge and
  enthusiasm, in fewer venues, and less equally
  than is healthy for a vibrant democratic polity.

3
Civic Engagement

• Civic engagement includes any activity,
  individual or collective, devoted to influencing
  the collective life of the polity.
• Civic engagement can, for example, mean
  participation in formal government institutions,
  but it may also involve becoming part of a group
  or organization, protesting or boycotting, or
  even simply talking to a neighbor across the
  backyard fence.

4
U.S. Constitution Preamble

• We the People of the United States, in Order to
  form a more perfect Union, establish Justice,
  insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the
  common defence, promote the general Welfare, and
  secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and
  our Posterity, do ordain and establish this
  Constitution for the United States of America.

5
Founders on Citizenship

• "A share in the sovereignty of the state, which
  is exercised by the citizens at large, in voting
  at elections is one of the most important rights
  of the subject, and in a republic ought to stand
  foremost in the estimation of the law." 
  --Alexander Hamilton, 1784 editorial as Phocion

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Founders on Citizenship

• "Knowledge will forever govern ignorance and a
  people who mean to be their own governors must
  arm themselves with the power which knowledge
  gives." -- James Madison to W.T. Barry, August 4,
  1822

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Founders on Citizenship

• "Cherish, therefore, the spirit of our people,
  and keep alive their attention. If once they
  become inattentive to the public affairs, you and
  I, and Congress and Assemblies, judges and
  governors, shall all become wolves. It seems to
  be the law of our general nature." - Thomas
  Jefferson to Edward Carrington, January 16, 1787

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Founders on Citizenship

• "Need I infer, that it is the duty of every
  citizen to use his best and most unremitting
  endeavours for preserving it the Constitution
  pure, healthful, and vigorous? For the
  accomplishment of this great purpose, the
  exertions of no one citizen are unimportant. Let
  no one, therefore harbour, for a moment, the mean
  idea, that he is and can be of no value to his
  country let the contrary manly impression
  animate his soul. Every one can, at many times,
  perform, to the state, useful services and he,
  who steadily pursues the road of patriotism, has
  the most inviting prospect of being able, at some
  times, to perform eminent ones." James Wilson,
  Independence Day speech, July 4, 1788

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Negative Duties Obligations

• Obeying the Law
• Attending School
• Paying Taxes
• Serving in the Armed Forces
• Appearing in Court, including as a juror or
  witness

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Positive Duties Privileges

• Voting
• Being Informed
• Sustained Volunteering/Public Service
• Short-Term Political Participation such as
  writing letters to the editor, participating in
  rallies, and volunteering for political campaigns
• Joining and contributing to voluntary
  organizations

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Are these Duties?

• Work
• Rest and Leisure
• Health

12
The Decline of Civic Engagement

• American voter turnout ranks near the bottom
  among democratic nations.
• Between 1974 and 1994, engagement in twelve key
  political activities, such as writing letters to
  the editor, participating in rallies and
  demonstrations, and volunteering in campaigns,
  fell significantly.
• Citizens need public information, but the number
  of civics courses taken in public schools has
  declined by two-thirds since 1960, and, at least
  by some measures, college graduates nowadays know
  as much about politics as the average high school
  senior did fifty years ago.
• In 2002, only 15 of 435 congressional races were
  decided by 4 or less. Of the 50 congressional
  incumbents who ran in California, not one lost,
  and all got at least 58 of the vote.
• In the 2004 presidential election, despite a
  massive voter-drive ground war in which interest
  groups alone spent more than 350 million to get
  out the vote, voter turnout, at 59 percent, was
  only five percentage points higher than in 2000.
• Also in 2004, just 2 of House incumbents and a
  single Senate incumbentthe aggressively targeted
  Senate minority leaderlost.
• From the mid-1970s to the present, the number of
  adolescents who say they can see themselves
  working on a political campaign has dropped by
  about half.

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The Design of our Institutions and Practices
Turns Citizens Off

• If Americans find the presidential primary
  process long and boring, it is because that
  process is indeed longer than it should be, and
  its lengthy and episodic nature discourages
  sustained attention and continued political
  learning.
• If Americans find congressional elections dull,
  it may be because they are rarely competitive.
  Our systems of redrawing district boundaries and
  financing campaigns, as well as our increasingly
  candidate-centered politics, all work to the
  advantage of incumbentsan advantage that has
  grown in recent years. For example, in 2004, 98
  of the incumbents running in House races won.
  When elections are not competitive, citizens have
  little incentive to pay attention, become
  informed, take part in the campaign, and vote in
  the election.
• If Americans find partisan politics excessively
  ideological, nasty, and insufficiently focused on
  practical problem solving, there is reason to
  think they are right American citizens tend
  toward the political middle, but safe
  congressional seats may empower the ideological
  bases of the two parties at the expense of
  moderates, intensifying party conflict in
  Washington and hindering efforts to work across
  party lines.
• If poorer Americans believe that local political
  institutions are incapable of addressing their
  problems, if racial minorities find American
  politics to be exclusive rather than inclusive,
  and if better-off Americans seem disconnected
  from the problems and experiences of their poorer
  fellow citizens, this is partly because our
  metropolitan political institutions encourage
  privileged Americans to move to suburban
  enclaves, defying the promise of common public
  institutions and a sense of shared fate.

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Improving our Institutions to Promote Robust
Citizen Engagement is Essential to American
Democracy

• First, civic engagement enhances the quality of
  democratic governance. More voices are better
  than less.
• Second, the promise of democratic life is not
  simply that government by the people yields the
  most excellent governance. It is alsoand perhaps
  mainlythat government is legitimate only when
  the people as a whole participate in their own
  self-rule.
• Third, participation can enhance the quality of
  citizens lives. Civic engagement has the
  potential to educate and invigorate.
• In sum, when citizens are involved and engaged
  with others, their lives and our communities are
  better. Not only do people feel better but they
  produce a wide variety of goods and services that
  neither the state nor the market can provide.

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Some Solutions?

• National Level
• How do we increase voting?
• Mandatory voting?
• More flexibility in terms of time, manner, and
  place? National holiday?
• nonpartisan redistricting of congressional
  districts?
• State and Local Level
• There continues to be tremendous and growing
  inequalities associated with places of residence,
  inequalities that defy democratic ideals of
  equality and inclusion. How might this be
  addressed?
• Associational Life and the Nonprofit Sector
• Will increases in public funding for a variety of
  programs of national service, whether in a
  military or civilian capacity such as Volunteers
  in Service to America (VISTA), AmeriCorps, or the
  Peace Corps, promote civic engagement?

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Is Change Possible or are we Resigned to Bowling
Alone?

• Television, two-career families, suburban
  sprawl, generational changes in values--these and
  other changes in American society have meant that
  fewer and fewer of us find that the League of
  Women Voters, or the United Way, or the Shriners,
  or the monthly bridge club, or even a Sunday
  picnic with friends fits the way we have come to
  live. Our growing social-capital deficit
  threatens educational performance, safe
  neighborhoods, equitable tax collection,
  democratic responsiveness, everyday honesty, and
  even our health and happiness. Robert Putnam,
  Bowling Alone (2000).

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Conclusion

• The framers of the Constitution recognized that
  civic engagement was crucial for America.
• The current situation in the United States
  features three characteristics questionable
  legitimacy, high cynicism, and great
  indifference.
• Increased participation, more equal
  participation, and a higher quality of
  participation benefit America? Is it even
  possible?

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References

• Macedo, Stephen, et. al, Democracy at Risk How
  Political Choices Undermine Citizen Participation
  and What We Can Do About It (Washington, DC
  Brookings Institution Press, 2005).
• Putnam, Robert, Bowling Alone The Collapse and
  Revival of American Community (New York Simon
  Schuster, 2000).
• Skocpol, Theda and Morris P. Fiorina, eds., Civic
  Engagement in American Democracy (Washington, DC
  Brookings Institution Press, 1999).