Diapositiva 1

1
NOISE FROM TRANSPORTATIONS IN CITIES ACTION PLANS
AND BARRIER DESIGN Sergio Luzzi University of
Florence Vie En.Ro.Se. Ingegneria srl
2
URBAN AREAS Cities occupy only 2 of the worlds
surface but consume up to 75 of natural
resources. More than 70 of European citizens
live in urban areas today, and urban dwellers are
expected to increase to 80 of the total
population by 2020. The "cost" of one extremely
annoyed person has been estimated to be
approximately 1.600 per year. The annoyance
caused by road traffic noise, corresponds to a
cost of more than 800 million .
Continuous night-time road traffic noise affects
20 of world inhabitants at levels above 55
dB(A), the threshold at which World Health
Organisation considers sleep may be disturbed.
3

• Noise exposure in EU (2011)

Within agglomerations
4

• Noise reduction can be at source, along the
  propagation, at the receiver.
• In the EU, there is a great trend to consider
  noise reduction at source at first. The EU has
  financed numerous research projects to reduce
  noise at source (e.g. development of new
  asphalts, new tyres, electric vehicles, railway
  wheel and rail vibration dampers, new brake
  blocks of freight trains, high bypass ratio
  aircraft engines). (e.g. STAIRRS, PERSUADE,
  RATIN, QCITY, SILENCE, X-NOISE).
• Noise reduction can be in the propagation path,
  by means of traditional noise barriers. Research
  projects on improved efficient noise barriers
  were financed. (e.g. QUIESST)
• The EU supports and has financed research
  projects on the management of noise in urban
  areas by means of
• LIFE - (e.g. development of best management of
  noise in the city, recommendations for local
  authorities, quiet areas within cities HUSH,
  QUADMAP, NADIA, SMILE).
• FP7 (e.g. development of quiet areas and
  techniques for quiet areas within cities,
  CITYHUSH).
• Exceptionally by direct service contract (e.g.
  EffNOISE).
• Noise reduction at the receiver is also possible,
  but NOT at the focus of EU measures.

5
(No Transcript)
6

• What has happened with noise in EU Legislation?

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
2014
END entered into force
MS national transposition
END review process
ENDRM relational database to structure the
information
2) C-NOSSOS Common Assessment Methods
2nd set noise strategic maps
4th set all noise sources
5th set all noise strategic maps
6th set all noise action plans
1st set noise sources
3rd set noise action plans
Data delivered
7
ACTION PLANS FOR NOISE REDUCTION AND CONTROL
Directive 2002/49/EC (Environmental Noise
Directive)

• ANNEX V
• MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR ACTION PLANS
• referred to in Article 8
• 1. An action plan must at least include the
  following elements
• a description of the agglomeration, the major
  roads, the major railways or major airports and
  other noise sources taken into account,
• a summary of the results of the noise mapping,
• an evaluation of the estimated number of people
  exposed to noise, identification of problems and
  situations that need to be improved,
• any noise-reduction measures already in force
  and any projects in preparation,
• actions which the competent authorities intend
  to take in the next five years, including any
  measures to preserve quiet areas,
• long-term strategy,
• financial information (if available) budgets,
  cost-effectiveness assessment, cost-benefit
  assessment,
• provisions envisaged for evaluating the
  implementation and the results of the action
  plan.

• ANNEX V
• MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR ACTION PLANS
• referred to in Article 8
• 2. The actions which the competent authorities
  intend to take in the fields within their
  competence may for example include
• - traffic planning,
• land-use planning,
• technical measures at noise sources,
• - selection of quieter sources,
• - reduction of sound transmission,
• - regulatory or economic measures or incentives.
• 3. Each action plan should contain estimates in
  terms of the reduction of the number of people
  affected (annoyed, sleep disturbed, or other).

• Article 8
• Action plans
• Member States shall ensure that no later than 18
  July 2008 the competent authorities have drawn up
  action plans designed to manage, within their
  territories, noise issues and effects, including
  noise reduction if necessary. The measures within
  the plans are at the discretion of the competent
  authorities, but should notably address
  priorities which may be identified by the
  exceeding of any relevant limit value or by other
  criteria chosen by the Member States and apply in
  particular to the most important areas as
  established by strategic noise mapping.
• Member States shall ensure that, no later than 18
  July 2013, the competent authorities have drawn
  up action plans notably to address priorities
  which may be identified by the exceeding of any
  relevant limit value or by other criteria chosen
  by the Member States for the agglomerations and
  for the major roads as well as the major railways
  within their territories.

• Article 1
• Objectives
• The aim of this Directive shall be to define a
  common approach intended to avoid, prevent or
  reduce on a prioritised basis the harmful
  effects, including annoyance, due to exposure to
  environmental noise. To that end the following
  actions shall be implemented progressively
• (a) the determination of exposure to
  environmental noise, through noise mapping, by
  methods of assessment common to the Member
  States
• (b) ensuring that information on environmental
  noise and its effects is made available to the
  public
• (c) adoption of action plans by the Member
  States, based upon noise-mapping results, with a
  view to preventing and reducing environmental
  noise where necessary and particularly where
  exposure levels can induce harmful effects on
  human health and to preserving environmental
  noise quality where it is good.

8
ACTION PLANS
Directive 2002/49/EC
Aims
The aim of this Directive shall be (should have
been) to define a common approach intended to
avoid, prevent or reduce on a prioritised basis
the harmful effects, including annoyance, due to
exposure to environmental noise.
Requirements
a) Determination of exposure to environmental
noise, through noise mapping, by methods of
assessment common to the Member
States b) Information on environmental noise and
its effects has to be made available to the
public c) Action plans to prevent and reduce
environmental noise and to preserve environmental
noise quality where it is good. d) Public has to
be consulted about action plans. Results of
participation have to be taken into account in
the process of action planning. e) Noise mapping
action planning data has to be sent to the
Commission
9
ACTION PLANS
Directive 2002/49/EC
Timetable
END requirements have to be fulfilled acc. to the
following timetable
10
ACTION PLANS
Urban agglomeration action planning procedure
11
ACTION PLANS
12
ACTION PLANS
Actions for Noise Reduction
Actions can be direct or strategic. DIRECT
ACTIONS noise barriers, tunnels, low-noise
paving, windows, etc. STRATEGIC ACTIONS public
transport improvement, walking and cycling roads,
speed reduction, road travel restrictions and
parking by fees. Local regulation can assist
these objectives.
13
ACTION PLANS
HANDBOOK OF GENERAL SOLUTIONS Technical Record
for Noise Barrier
Barrier efficency depends on Position distance
from source Height source must be not visible
from all receivers Lunghezza lateral
diffraction effects must be considered Materials
(quantity and density) reduce the amount of
energy that impacts the receiver
14
SOUNDSCAPES FOR QUIET AREAS - FLORENCE
TERRITORIAL PLACEMENT
15
SOUNDSCAPES FOR QUIET AREAS - FLORENCE
Quiet areas in Florence
Hotspots In Florence
16
application of soundscapes based methodology
Binaurali Earphones
Microtrack Recorder
Sound Meter
Instumentation for soundwalks
5
17
SOUNDSCAPES FOR QUIET AREAS - FLORENCE
Fortezza Gardens
TERRITORIAL PLACEMENT
TRADE SHOW AREA
FOUNTAIN
TRAFFIC LIGHT INTERSECTION
FILIPPO STROZZI AVENUE
18
SOUNDSCAPES FOR QUIET AREAS - FLORENCE
Fortezza Gardens
LOCATION OF ACOUSTICALLY FUNCTIONAL AREAS
area 4
area 1
area 3
area 2
19
SOUNDSCAPES FOR QUIET AREAS - FLORENCE
Fortezza Gardens
NOISE MEASUREMENTS
SCENARIO SC05 - FORTEZZA DA BASSO SCENARIO SC05 - FORTEZZA DA BASSO SCENARIO SC05 - FORTEZZA DA BASSO
  Reffering time 12.00 Referring time16.00
  LAeq dB(A) LAeq dB(A)
Subarea 1 65.2 66.6
Subarea 2 64.2 63.0
Subarea 3 62.3 63.3
Subarea 4 71.0 76.4
20
SOUNDSCAPES FOR QUIET AREAS - FLORENCE
Fortezza Gardens
SOUNDWALKS
21
M. Shafer The tuning of the world Vancouver
Press, 1977
Perception
Menzel, Haufe, Fastl Colour-influences on
loudness judgements Proceedings of ICA 2010 ,
Sydney
22
ACOUSTICAL DESIGN OF BARRIERS
23
(No Transcript)
24
BARRIER DESIGN choice of typology and
calculation of acoustic and structural dimensions
25
BARRIERS FOR RAILWAY NOISE acoustical

• The barrier is composed of
• supporting basement inclined of 12 towards the
  railroad, with medium sound absorbing surface
  (height 2.00 meters over the track level),
• superior heavily absorbing layer realized with
  0.50 m modules reaching the maximum permitted
  height of 7.50 m, according to the acoustic
  design.

new RFI standard
26
BARRIERS FOR RAILWAY NOISE prospect
27
BARRIERS FOR RAILWAY NOISE modules
28
BARRIERS FOR RAILWAY NOISE structural

• supporting basement in cast reinforced concrete
  into external quarter-deck
• steel vertical rod fixed to the foundation plinth
• foundation on single plinths
• subfoundation of injected micro piles

29
BARRIERS FOR RAILWAY NOISE structural

• pre-fabricated supporting basement in reinforced
  concrete
• steel vertical rod fixed to the foundation plinth
• foundation on single plinths
• subfoundation of injected micro piles

30
BARRIERS FOR RAILWAY NOISE
architecture
Florence barriers structural standards Vertical
views of a barrier inserted along an existing
railroad interference with electric pole
31
BARRIERS FOR RAILWAY NOISE
architecture
Florence barriers structural standards Portal
32
PROBLEMS IN APPLICATION PURSUIT OF SOLUTIONS

• Recent and homogeneous cartographic data
• Topographical Plotting
• 3. Measurement Points
• 4. Measurements Campaigns
• 5. Railway Stations
• 6. Overlapping transport noise
• 7. Sources Characterization
• 8. Trains Classification
• 9. Freight Trains Characterization
• 10. Compatible and sustainable barriers
• 11. Optimal and sub-optimal barriers heights
• 12. Increasing heights algorithm
• 13. Composition of railway noise.
• 14. Secondary sources contribution
• 15. Harmonization

33
PROBLEMS IN APPLICATION

• Some examples of operational difficulties
• interferences with signal structures (elevation)
• signal visibility to improve the signal
  visibility is possible to remove the overhang or
  moving back the barrier

34
PROBLEMS IN APPLICATION

• Some examples of operational difficulties
• interferences with signal power line structures
  (foundation)

35
PROBLEMS IN APPLICATION

• Some examples of operational difficulties
• interferences with power line structures
  (elevation)

36
CONCLUSIONS
Action Plans are designed to manage, within their
territories, noise issues and effects, including
noise reduction if necessary, and shall aim to
protect quiet areas against an increase in noise.

Railway Noise is one of the most important source
of annoyance to be reduced in the interest of
safeguarding the environment.
Noise barriers are at the moment the most
widespread acoustical mitigation intervention
typology used for the railway infrastructure.

• The reasons are
• Simplicity of execution technologies
• Relevant acoustical effectiveness
• Durability.

• Models of noise barrier design have to be
• stressed by applying them on critical scenarios,
• adapted to national and local standards and
  political choices,
• improved with rules of compatibility and
  sustainability.

37
Thank you! sergio.luzzi_at_unifi.it sergio.luzzi_at_vie
nrose.it