Organizing principles of human body

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Organizing principles of human body
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Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Each of these build upon one another to make up
  the next level
• Chemical level
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ system
• Organism

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Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Chemical level
• Atoms combine to make molecules
• 4 macromolecules in the body
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

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Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Cellular
• Made up of cells and cellular organelles
  (molecules)
• Cells can be eukaryotic or prokaryotic
• Organelles are structures within cells that
  perform dedicated functions (small organs)

http//cmweb.pvschools.net/bbecke/newell/Cells.ht
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Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Tissue
• Collection of cells that work together to perform
  a specialized function
• 4 basic types of tissue in the human body
• Epithelium
• Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Nervous tissue

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Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Organ
• Made up of tissue
• Heart
• Brain
• Liver
• Pancreas, etc

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Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Organ system (11)
• Made up of a group of related organs that work
  together
• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive

Circulatory
Pg 341
Urinary System
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Levels of Organization
See figs. 1.3 1.4
COHN 99.5
99.9
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Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Organism
• An individual human, animal, plant, etc
• Made up all of the organ systems
• Work together to sustain life

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The Cell

• Cells
• structural and functional units of all living
  organisms.
• building blocks of the human body.
• adult human body contains 75 trillion cells.
• Each cell type performs specific functions.
• 200 cell types in humans
• subcategories of most

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Common Characteristics of Cells

• Perform the general functions necessary to
  sustain life
• Obtain nutrients and other materials from its
  surrounding fluids.
• Fuel molecules, O2, building blocks, minerals,etc
• Dispose of wastes products
• Urea (from nitrogen), CO2, metabolic waste
• Maintain shape and integrity
• Size and shape are related to function
• Cell division
• Mitosis growth and repair
• Meiosis gamete formation

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Study of Cells

• Cytology study of cells
• Microscopic anatomy
• Individual cells observable by light microscopy
• Subcellular structures observable by electron
  microscopy.
• TEM
• SEM
• Unit of measure micrometer (um)
• RBC 7-8um

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• Bilateral Symmetry
• - left half of the body is a mirror image of
  the right half.
• - structures in the median plane are unpaired,
  but have identical left and right sides.

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Cells

• Parts of a cell
• Cell Membrane (or plasma membrane)
• Cytoplasm
• Cytosol
• Organelles
• Membranous Organelles
• Non-membranous Organelles
• Inclusions
• Nucleus

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Plasma (Cell) Membrane

• the outer, limiting barrier
• separates the internal contents of the cell
  from external materials.

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Cytoplasm

• general term for all cellular contents located
  between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

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Nucleus

• control center of the cell
• controls protein synthesis
• directs the functional and structural
  characteristics of the cell.

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Plasma membrane composition

• Lipids
• Phospholipids
• Head hydrophilic
• Tail hydrophobic
• Form lipid bilayer
• Cholesterol
• Glycolipids
• Carbohydrate component
• Part of glycocalyx

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Plasma membrane composition

• Protein
• Integral membrane proteins
• Peripheral membrane proteins
• Some serve as enzymes, ion channels or receptors
• Glycoproteins

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Fertilization Four Major Steps

1. Sperm contacts the egg
2. Sperm or its nucleus enters the egg
3. Egg becomes activated and developmentalchanges
   begin
4. Sperm and egg nuclei fuse

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Words to know

• Fuse- to physically join together
• Ovum egg cell (female gamete)
• Cleavage process of cell division during
  development
• Differentiation the process of forming
  different kinds of cells from similar cells of
  the early embryo
• Embryo an organism in an early stage of
  development
• Morula solid ball of cells formed from cleavage
• Blastula hollow ball of cells formed from
  cleavage
• Gastrula a hollow ball of cells with an in
  pushing and 3 layers (germ layers)

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Fertilization
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The Nuclei Fuse Together
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• Development of the zygote, the study of which is
  known as embryology or developmental biology.
• The zygote undergoes a series of mitotic cell
  divisions called cleavage.
• The stages of development are Fertilized ovum
  (zygote) ? 2-cell stage ? 4-cell stage ? 8-cell
  stage ? Morula ? Blastula ? Early Gastrula ? Late
  Gastrula

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Cleavage (divide via mitosis) forms the 2 cell
stage
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And eventually form a Morula
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And next, a gastrula
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The Regents Diagram

• Sperm and ovum
• Zygote (fertilized ovum)
• 2-cell stage
• 4-cell stage
• Morula
• Blastula
• Gastrula

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Differentiation (Organogenesis)

• Organogenesis is the formation of the organs
  (Organo organs, genesis creation)
• Arises from the layering of cells that occurs
  during gastrula stage
• The layers are germ layers they have specific
  fates in the developing embryo
• Endoderm
• The innermost layer
• Goes on to form the gut
• Mesoderm
• In the middle
• Goes on to form the muscles, circulatory system,
  blood and many different organs
• Ectoderm
• The outermost
• Goes on to form the skin and nervous system

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Late Gastrula
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
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Differentiation of Primary Germ Layers (from the
gastrula)
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
Nervous system Skeleton Digestive tract
Epidermis of skin Muscles Respiratory system
Circulatory system Liver, pancreas
Gonads Bladder
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Early Human Development Summary

• Meiosis makes sperm in males and ovum in females
• Sperm and ovum unite nuclei to form a zygote
• Zygote undergoes cleavage and becomes gastrula
  with 3 germ layers

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11 Organ systems different organs work together
to provide specialized functions

• Body Coverings
• Support Movement
• Integration coordination
• Transport
• Absorption / Excretion
• Reproduction