Unit 13: 1 Understanding the Principles of Infection Control

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Unit 13 1Understanding the Principles of
Infection Control

• OBJECTIVES
• Learn the types of microorganisms that make up
  each of the 5 main pathogen classes
• Identify diseases associated with these
  microorganisms

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BACTERIA

• SIMPLE ONE-CELLED ANIMAL
• TYPES OF BACTERIA Cocci, Diplococci,
  Streptococci, Staphylococci, Spirilla

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COCCI

• ROUND OR SPHERICAL IN SHAPE

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DIPLCOCCI

• COCCI OCCURS IN PAIRS
• DISEASES
• GONORRHEA
• MENINGITIS
• PNEUMONIA

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STREPTOCOCCI

• COCCI OCCURS IN A CHAIN
• DISEASES
• STREP THROAT
• RHEUMATIC FEVER

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STAPHYOLCOCCI

• COCCI OCCUR IN CLUSTERS OR GROUPS
• INFECTIONS
• BOILS
• WOUND INFECTIONS
• TOXIC SHOCK
• MRSA

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BACILLI

• ROD SHAPED
• SINGLES, PAIRS OR IN CHAINS
• FLAGELLA
• SPORES
• DISEASES
• TB
• TETANUS, DIPTHERIA AND TYPHOID

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SPIRILLA

• SPIRAL OR CORKSCREW
• COMMA-SHAPED VIBRIO
• CORKSCREW SPIROCHETE
• Diseases
• syphilis
• cholera

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PROTOZOA

• ONE CELLED ANIMAL

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PROTOZOA

• ONE CELLED ANIMAL
• FOUND IN DECAYED MATERIALS AND CONTAMINATED WATER
• SOME ARE PATHOGENIC AND CAUSE DISEASE

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PROTOZOA DISEASE

• MALARIA,
• AMEBIC DYSENTERY
• TRICHOMONAS
• AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS

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FUNGUS

• SIMPLE , PLANTLIKE ORGANISMS
• LIVE ON DEAD ORGANIC MATERIAL
• Yeasts
• Molds

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FUNGAL DISEASES

• RINGWORM
• ATHELETES FOOT
• VAGINITIS
• THRUSH
• HISTOPLASMOSIS

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RICKETTSIAE

• PARASITIC MICROORGANISMS
• CANNOT LIVE OUTSIDE THE CELLS OF ANOTHER LIVING
  ORGANISM
• FOUND IN FLEAS,LICE, TICKS, AND MITES
• TRANSMITTED TO HUMANS FROM BITE FROM THESE INSECTS

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RICKETTSIAEL DISEASES

• TYPHUS FEVER
• ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER

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VIRUSES

• SMALLEST OF MICROORGANISMS
• CANNOT REPRODUCE UNLESS THEY ARE INSIDE ANOTHER
  LIVING CELL
• SPREAD FROM HUMAN TO HUMAN THROUGH BLOOD AND BODY
  FLUIDS

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VIRAL DISEASES

• HEPATITIS B
• AIDS
• COMMON COLD
• MEASLES
• MUMPS

• CHICKEN POX
• WARTS
• HERPES
• POLIO
• INFLUENZA

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FACTORS REQUIRED FOR GROWTH

• WARM ENVIRONMENT
• DARKNESS
• SOURCE OF FOOD AND MOISTURE
• OXYGEN
• AEROBIC ORGANISM
• REQUIRES OXYGEN TO LIVE
• ANEROBIC ORGANISM
• LIVES AND REPRODUCES IN ABSENCE OF OXYGEN

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CLASSIFICATONS OF DISEASES AND INFECTIONS

• ENDOGENOUS- infection or disease originates
  within the body.
• EXOGENOUS-infection or disease originates outside
  the body.

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NOSOCOMIAL

• -infection or disease acquired by and individual
  in a health care setting.

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OPPORTUNISTIC

• - infections that occur when the bodys defenses
  are weak.

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The Chain of Infection
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OBJECTIVES

• Understand the Chain of Infection
• Explore ways to break the chain of infection

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As healthcare professionals, it is important to
understand two facts about infection
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1. The various ways infection can be transmitted.

2. The ways the infection chain can be broken.
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CHAIN OF INFECTION

• FACTORS THAT MUST EXIST FOR DISEASE TO OCCUR AND
  CAUSATIVE AGENT
• RESERVOIR
• PORTAL OF EXIT
• MEANS OF TRANSMISSION
• PORTAL OF ENTRY
• SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

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There are six links in the chain of infection
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1st - The Infectious Agent
- Any disease-causing microorganism
(pathogen)
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The Chain of Infection
Infectious Agent
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2nd - The Reservoir Host
-The organism in which the infectious microbes
reside
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The Chain of Infection
Reservoir Host
Infectious Agent
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What are Carrier Hosts?
Hosts that do not show any outward signs or
symptoms of a disease, but are still capable of
transmitting the disease are known as carriers.
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3rd - The Portal of Exit
-Route of escape of the pathogen from the
reservoir
Examples respiratory secretions, blood exposure,
breaks in skin
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The Chain of Infection
Infectious Agent
Reservoir Host
Portal of Exit
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4th - The Route of Transmission
-Method by which the pathogen gets from the
reservoir to the new host
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The Chain of Infection
Reservoir Host
Infectious Agent
Portal of Exit
Mode of Transmission
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Transmission may occur through
Direct Contact
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Air
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Insects
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5th - The Portal of Entry
-Route through which the pathogen enters its new
host
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Respiratory System
inhalation
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Gastrointestinal System
ingestion
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Breaks in Protective Skin Barrier
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The Chain of Infection
Infectious Agent
Reservoir Host
Portal of Exit
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
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6th - The Susceptible Host
-The organism that accepts the pathogen
The support of pathogen life and its reproduction
depend on the degree of the hosts resistance.
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Organisms with strong immune systems are better
able to fend off pathogens.
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Organisms with weakened immune systems are more
vulnerable to the support and reproduction of
pathogens.
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The Chain of Infection
Reservoir Host
Infectious Agent
Susceptible Host
Portal of Exit
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
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ENDING THE CHAIN OF INFECTION

• If any part of the chain can be eliminated the
  spread of disease or infection will be stopped.
• Follow practices to break chain
• prevent transmission of disease

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How to interrupt the chain of infection
-The essential part of patient care and
self-protection.
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1. Pathogen Identification
-Identification of infectious agent and
appropriate treatment
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2. Asepsis and Hygiene
-Potential hosts and carriers must practice
asepsis and maintain proper personal hygiene
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Aseptic Techniques

• Major way to break chain of infection
• Two main terms
• Asepsis
• Absence of disease producing micro-organisms or
  pathogens
• Contaminated
• Any object or area that may contain pathogens

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ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE

• Maintaining cleanliness and eliminating or
  preventing contamination

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Common Aseptic Techniques

• Hand-washing
• Good personal hygiene
• Use disposable gloves when contacting body
  secretions or contaminated objects
• Proper cleaning of instruments and equipment

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Levels of aseptic control

• Antisepsis
• Prevent or inhibit the growth of pathogenic
  organisms
• Not effective against spores and viruses
• Can usually be used on the skin
• Examples
• Alcohol and betadine

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Disinfection

• Destroys or kills pathogenic organisms
• Not always effective against spores and viruses
• Boiling water and chemical disinfectants are used
• Can irritate or damage the skin and are used
  mainly on objects, not people

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Sterilization

• Process that destroys all microorganisms
• Both pathogenic and nonpathogenic
• Includes spores and viruses
• Steam under pressure, gas, radiation, and
  chemicals can be used to sterilize
• Autoclave is most common equipment used

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3. Control Portals of Exit
-Healthcare personnel must practice standard
precautions
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Control body secretions and wash hands according
to protocol.
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4. Prevent a Route of Transmission
-Prevent direct or indirect contact by

• Proper handwashing
• Disinfection sterilization techniques
• Isolation of infected patients
• Not working when contagious

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5. Protect Portal of Entry
-Healthcare professionals must make sure that
ports of entry are not subjected to pathogens.
(nose, mouth, eyes, urinary tract, open wounds,
etc.)
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6. Recognition of Susceptible Host
-Healthcare professionals must recognize and
protect high-risk patients.
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• Cancer Patients
• AIDS Patients
• Transplant Patients
• Infants
• Elderly Patients

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Summary

• Important for health care worker to know and use
  proper aseptic techniques
• Prevents spread and transmission of disease.

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Remember--breaking the chain of infection is
the responsibility of each healthcare
professional.
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HAND HYGIENE

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