Blood

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Blood

• Chapter 17

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Cardiovascular system

• Blood is a component of
• Function
• Supply O2 to all cells remove wastes
• Transport hormones other chemicals (e.g. ions)
• Immune response
• Composed of
• The Heart
• Blood vessels
• BLOOD

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Characteristics of Blood

• Blood fluid connective tissue
• Composed of a variety of cells and their
  extracellular matrix

• 37-54
• Formed elements
• Red Blood Cells
• White Blood Cells
• Platelets

• 46-63
• Liquid medium
• Plasma

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Plasma

• Contains mostly water (92)
• Electrolytes and proteins (7)
• Free-floating stuff
• Proteins
• Always remain in the plasma give viscous
  consistency
• 3 main plasma proteins
• Albumin
• Globulins
• Fibrinogen

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Plasma

• Albumins
• Help in maintaining osmotic pressure of blood
• Transport thyroid hormones, fatty acids, etc.
• Globulins
• Immunoglobulins/antibodies for defense
• Transport ions hormones
• Fibrinogen
• Impt. in blood clotting
• Blood tests Plasma vs. Serum
• Serum plasma without fibrinogen
• Thus the clotting factors are removed
• but also removes Ca2 ions

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Formed Elements

• Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes (RBCs)
• Function of RBCs
• Transports O2 from tissue to lungs
• Transports CO2 from cells/tissue to lungs
• Structure
• Saucer-shaped cell biconcave disk
• Special features
• No nucleus
• No mitochondrion (no mitochondria)
• Lack of these organelles is advantageous to
  function
• No nucleus no cell division less energy spent
  more space for O2
• Cell can assume biconcave shape this allows for
  the stacking of cells

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Formed Elements RBCs

• Importance of Shape to function (review in text)
• No mitochondria
• O2 necessary for ATP production
• If present, the O2 will be consumed
• Also gives more space in the cell

Fig. 17-2
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• Fig. 17-3

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Molecular content of RBCs

• Stocked with Hemoglobin (Hb)
• Protein
• Makes up 95 of all intracellular proteins
• There are approx. 280 million molecules of Hb in
  each RBC
• Normal range in grams per mL whole blood g/dl ?
• Hb protein with 4 pieces (subunits)
• 4 polypeptide chains Globins
• a-globin ß-globin

Fig. 17-3
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Molecular content of RBCs

• Stocked with Hemoglobin (Hb)
• 4 polypeptide chains Globins
• a-globin ß-globin
• With each globin there is a heme group
• Special chemical compound containing Fe2
• Fe2 of globin binds to O2
• Blood leaving lungs is rich in O2
• Fe- O2 oxyhemoglobin bright red in color
• Blood going to lungs containing CO2
• carbaminohemoglobin dark red in color

Fig. 17-3
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Molecular content of RBCs

• RBCs contain a special enzyme
• Carbonic Anhydrase
• Helps in CO2 transport in the blood (later)

Fig. 17-3
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Formed Elements White Blood Cells

• White Blood Cells Leukocytes
• Approx. 0.1 of blood total
• Come in many shapes and forms
• Granular (3 types)
• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
• Agranular (2 types)
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
• Common Features
• Prominent Nucleus
• Large size (compared to RBCs)
• No Hemoglobin

Fig. 17-1
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Formed Elements White Blood Cells

• Handout specific targets of each type of WBCs
• Functions
• Clean Up Defense
• Detect pathogen invasions, provide protection
• Remove dead cells and debris
• Guarding the Body
• patrol the area travel along the edge of
  blood vessels
• IF pathogen(s) have entered the body tissue
  local defense has begun, chemicals are released
• WBCs are attracted to these chemicals squeeze
  through endothelial cells to exit the blood
  vessel
• They then find their way to the damaged tissue
  this type of sensing and movement chemotaxis

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Blood day 2

• Chapter 17

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Formed Elements Platelets

• Platelets Thrombocytes
• Packages of cytoplasm no nucleus
• Function clotting
• Repair of slightly damaged blood vessels
• Stop blood loss from damaged blood vessel by
  forming a platelet plug
• Contain numerous vessicles release chemicals
  that promote clotting

Fig. 17-2
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Formed Elements Production

• RBCs, WBCs, Platelets are synthesized in the
  body
• Production recycling
• Production of blood cells Hemopoiesis
• All blood cells originate from Hemocytoblast
  cells

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Red Blood Cell Production

• Location
• Red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) of epiphysis of
  vertebrae, sternum, ribs, skull, scapulae,
  pelvis, proximal limb bones
• Process Fig. 17.5
• Hemocytoblast ? becomes RBC
• Process Erythropoeisis
• Requires a hormone erythropoetin (peptide)
• Stimulated by renal erythropoetic factor from the
  kidneys
• Recall/review Fig. 16-7b

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Red Blood Cell Production

• Erythropoeisis
• Erythropoetein (E.P.O.) required hormone
• Stimulated by renal erythropoetic factor from
  kidneys
• Converts plasma protein to erythropoetin
• Simple version
• Hemocytoblast becomes proerythroblast
• Loses nucleus becomes reticulocyte
• Hb is synthesized
• Released into blood
• Becomes RBC after 1-2 days

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Red Blood Cell Production
Fig. 17-5
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Red Blood Cell Production

• Erythropoeisis
• is triggered by low O2 levels
• Requires proper supply of iron vitamins (B12)
• The following
• low O2 / high altitudes
• Anemia
• Damaged lung surface
• trigger secretion of EPO

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The life of a RBC

• Released into blood stream
• Matures after 1-2 days
• Travels all over body repeatedly
• After approx. 120 days RBC becomes damaged
• Therefore it is destroyed and recycled
• Damaged RBC is destroyed by MACROPHAGES in the
  spleen, liver and bone marrow
• The contents of the RBC are broken up and
  recycled
• Some of these contents are later used as building
  blocks to make new RBCs

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The end of a RBC recycle reuse
Fig. 17-4
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The end of a RBC issues/terms

• Problems with the bile duct
• Increase in bilirubin in blood
• yellow skin Jaundice
• If RBCs break in blood stream and not in
  macrophages
• Hemoglobinuria
• Kidney damage you sometimes find intact RBCs in
  urine
• Hematuria

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White Blood Cell Production

• Also made from hemacytoblasts
• Require a different hormone (set of hormones)
• Colony stimulating factors C.S.F.
• CSFs are also involved in enhancing WBC function
• How do we get 5 different leukocytes??

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Fig. 17-10
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White Blood Cell Production

• CSFs you need to know (most important ones)
• GM-CSF distinguishes myeloblast from monoblast
• G-CSF makes granular leukocytes
• M-CSF triggers monocyte formation
• For some blood cell production hormones
• EPO, G-CSF, GM-CSF
• similar chemicals can by used as drug treatments
  to increase the levels of those cell types

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Fig. 17-10
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Platelet Production Thromcytopoiesis

• Hemocytoblast (in bone marrow)
• Megakaryocyte
• Large cells
• Make proteins, enzymes, membrane
• Shredded cytoplasm platelets
• Hormones
• Thrombopoietin (TPO)
• Interleucin-6 (IC-6)
• Multi-CSF

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Back to Red Blood Cells

• Another important feature of RBCs
• Identification tag
• Ensures that only siimilar/same type of RBCs
  remain in one blood stream
• a defense feature
• ID tags blood type
• Blood type different carbohydrates on the
  surface called antigens
• Antigens are recognition factors

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Fig. 17-6
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Back to Red Blood Cells

• Blood plasma also carries antibodies

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Back to Red Blood Cells

• Antibodies match blood-type
• Antibodies are there to detect if foreign blood
  cells are present
• If B is given to A, anti-B reacts with B antigen
• Agglutination destroys cells
• In the bargain it also interferes with normal
  blood
• ABO system of blood typing
• O
• Universal donor but dilution factor is important
  b/c it has both antibodies

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Fig. 17-7
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Rh system

• or
• Separate from ABO, but functions similarly
• Situation of concern erythroblastosis fetalis

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Fig. 17-8
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Important Function of Platelets

• Wounding
• Starts with breaking of skin therefore blood
  vessels are torn
• 3 steps take place
• Culminating in clot formation
• Happens in 2-6 minutes

Fig. 17-
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Well known blood disorders

• Anemia
• Leukemia
• Mononucleosis

Fig. 17-
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Fig. 17-9
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Fig. 17-
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ro

• Fig. 17-2

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• Fig. 17-2