Chapter 13 Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems

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Chapter 13Artificial Intelligence andExpert
Systems
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Learning Objectives

• List the basic concepts of artificial
  intelligence
• Give examples of how artificial intelligence
  technologies have been used in business and other
  fields
• Explain expertise, the purpose of expert systems
  in business and other professional domains, and
  why expert systems are so helpful in solving
  unstructured problems
• Articulate the challenges involved in garnering
  knowledge for the construction of knowledge bases
• Explain the concept of knowledge engineering

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Artificial Intelligencein Business
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Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.)

• Artificial Intelligence
• Attempt to emulate the human mind in machines
• Robotics
• Robots used to replace human laborers
• Artificial Vision
• Allows robots that move in space sense obstacles
• Used in machines for sorting and identification

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Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.)

• Natural Language Processing
• Programs that recognize human commands
• Expert Systems
• Programs that simulate human expertise
• Neural Networks
• Programs built to solve problems while learning
  and refining their knowledge

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Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.)
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Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.)

• Fuzzy Logic
• Based on rules that have no discrete boundaries
• More closely mimics human problem solving
• Used in appliances, locomotives, managerial
  decision making

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Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.)
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Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.)
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Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.)

• Genetic Algorithms
• Mathematical functions that use Darwinian
  principals to improve an application
• Intelligent Agents
• Automatically wade through massive amounts of
  data to select and deliver the most suitable
  information

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Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.)
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Contribution ofExpert Systems

• Planning
• Decision making
• Monitoring
• Diagnosis
• Training

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Contribution ofExpert Systems (Cont.)

• Incidental learning
• Replication of expertise
• Timely response
• Consistent solutions

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Development ofExpert Systems

• What is Expertise?
• Skill and knowledge whose input into a process
  results in performance high above the norm
• Components of Expert Systems
• The interface or dialog
• The knowledge base
• The interface engine

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Development ofExpert Systems (Cont.)
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Construction of Expert Systems

• IF-THEN Rules
• Most popular method of knowledge representation
• Also called production rules
• Systems hold facts in the form of IF-THEN
  statements

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Construction of Expert Systems (Cont.)
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Construction of Expert Systems (Cont.)

• Knowledge Engineering
• Asking experts appropriate questions and
  translating into a knowledge base
• Some ESs take years
• Knowledge engineer programmer who specializes in
  developing ESs

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Construction of Expert Systems (Cont.)

• Expert System Shells
• Expert System that has been emptied of its
  knowledge
• Used to build new ES
• Forward Chaining
• Result-driven process
• Backward Chaining
• Goal-driven process

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Construction of Expert Systems (Cont.)
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Factors Justifying the Acquisition of Expert
Systems
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Expert Systems in Action

• Medical management
• Telephone network maintenance
• Credit evaluation
• Tax planning
• Detection of insider securities trading
• Detection of common metals

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Expert Systems in Action (Cont.)

• Mineral exploration
• Irrigation and pest management
• Diagnosis and prediction of mechanical failure
• Class selection for students

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Limitations of Expert Systems

• Three limitations of ESs
• Can handle only narrow domains
• Do not possess common sense
• Have a limited ability to learn

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Ethical and Societal IssuesToo Sophisticated
Technology

• Increasing dependence on machine intelligence
  raises legal and ethical issues.
• Who is legally responsible for advice provided by
  a program?
• Is expert judgment needed to interpret program
  output?
• Does machine expertise replace or complement the
  real thing?
• How do we know if the experts behind expert
  systems are expert at all?

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Ethical and Societal IssuesToo Sophisticated
Technology

• Malfunctions of an ES can be caused by anyone
  involved in the development
• Experts who contribute knowledge
• Knowledge engineer who builds the system
• Professional who uses the ES
• The person who is affected by the decision

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Summary

• Artificial intelligence has some basic concepts
• Artificial intelligence is used in business and
  other fields
• Expert systems are helpful in solving
  unstructured problems
• Knowledge gathering is important for knowledge
  bases