Chapter 23

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Chapter 23 World War I
Video
Section Notes
The Impact of Modern Warfare
The Road to War Americans Prepare for
War Americans in World War I Establishing Peace
America in the 20th Century World War I The
War in Europe America Joins the Ranks
(417) http//www.youtube.com/watch?v8L0Wgio6c6k
Supporting the War (934) http//www.youtube.com/
watch?vmXwD7vsn3dg
Fear on the Homefront (519) http//www.youtube.co
m/watch?vM8W5s0hEJo8
History Close-up
Maps
Trench Warfare
World War I, 1914-1918 Europe After World War I
Quick Facts
Key Goals of the Fourteen Points Causes and
Effects of World War I Chapter 23 Visual Summary
Images
An End to Peace Primary Source Sinking of the
Lusitania Red Cross Volunteers Patriotic
Poster World War I U.S. Soldier World War I Deaths
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Videos

• America in the 20th Century World War I The
  War in Europe
• America Joins the Ranks (417)
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v8L0Wgio6c6k
• Supporting the War (934)
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vmXwD7vsn3dg

• - Fear on the Homefront (519)
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vM8W5s0hEJo8

If time Digging Up the Trenches (13001)
http//www.youtube.com
/watch?vQIRoetUSq4E
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The Road to War

• The Big Idea
• In 1914 tensions in Europe exploded into the
  deadliest war the world had ever seen.
• Main Ideas
• Many factors contributed to the outbreak of World
  War I.
• European nations suffered massive casualties in
  the wars early battles.

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Main Idea 1 Many factors contributed to the
outbreak of World War I.

• Nationalism
• Nationalism, a strong sense of pride and loyalty
  to ones nation or culture, created tension
  between nations.
• Austria-Hungary included people from many
  cultural groups.
• Slavic nationalists wanted to break away from
  Austria-Hungary and join the independent Slavic
  country of Serbia.

• Imperialism
• Nations competed for control of territories both
  in Europe and overseas.
• Germany took the Alsace-Lorraine region from
  France in 1871, and France wanted it back.

• Militarism
• Nations focused resources on militarism, the
  aggressive strengthening of armed forces.
• Raced to build armies and navies
• Made alliances to protect themselves

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The Spark

• Feelings of fear and distrust grew among European
  powers in the early 1900s.
• In 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and
  Herzegovina.
• Slavic nationalists resisted violently wanted to
  be a part of Serbia
• June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand of
  Austria-Hungary was assassinated in Sarajevo.
• Killed by a Serb nationalist, Gavrilo Princip
• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
• Nations began to mobilize, or prepare their
  militaries, for war.

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The Schlieffen Plan

• Info at
• http//www.schoolhistory.co.uk/gcselinks/wars/firs
  twwlinks/schlieffen_summary.html

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Pulled into the Fighting
Allied Powers

• Russia, an ally of Serbia
• France, an ally of Russia
• Belgium, brought into the fighting because
  Germany marched through it to get to France
• Great Britain, an ally of Belgium

Central Powers

• Austria-Hungary
• Germany, an ally of Austria-Hungary

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Main Idea 2European nations suffered massive
casualties in the wars early battles.

• The French army blocked the German advance at the
  Marne River, east of Paris, in September 1914.
• The First Battle of Marne marked the first major
  battle of the war.
• French and German forces faced each other along a
  long battle line known as the western front.
• Russian and German armies struggled back and
  forth on the eastern front.
• The war became a stalemate a situation in which
  neither side can win a decisive victory.
• Clear that this war would be longer than expected.

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Technology of War

• Trench warfare, defending a position by fighting
  from the protection of deep ditches, helped make
  the war long and deadly.
• Cold, wet, and muddy
• Disease ran rampant
• New technologies made land warfare even more
  deadly
• Machine guns
• Poison gases
• Tanks

Land

• Airplanes used in large-scale battle for the
  first time
• Fired down on soldiers in the trenches
• Gathered information on enemy locations
• Battled each other in the air in dogfights

Air

• Fighting in the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea
• Used Naval blockades and mines to block supply
  lines
• U-boats, German submarines, launched torpedoes
  against Allied supply ships.

Sea
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Americans Prepare for War

• The Big Idea
• After entering World War I in 1917, Americans
  began the massive effort of preparing for war.
• Main Ideas
• The United States entered the war after repeated
  crises with Germany.
• The United States mobilized for war by training
  troops and stepping up production of supplies.
• Labor shortages created new wartime opportunities
  for women and other Americans.

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Main Idea 1The United States entered the war
after repeated crises with Germany.

• The United States was initially a neutral
  country.
• Americans viewed World War I as a European
  conflict.
• America continued to trade with European nations
  during the war.
• Carried supplies and war materials to the Allies.
• Germany used U-boats to try and stop supply
  lines.
• Often attacked ships without warning
• Sometimes shot civilian targets, such as the
  British passenger liner, Lusitania

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Congress Declares War
March 1916 a U-boat attacks a French passenger
ship, the Sussex, with several American
passengers on board. German leaders agree not to
attack merchant ships without warning.
February 1917 President Wilson breaks diplomatic
relations with Germany after they again begin
attacks on non-military ships.
March 1917 Zimmermann Note is decoded revealing
German and Mexican plot to ally against the
United States.
April 1917 Congress declared war on Germany.
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Main Idea 2 The United States mobilized for war
by training troops and stepping up production of
supplies.

• Committee on Public Information formed by
  President Wilson to help persuade the public to
  support the war effort.
• Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of
  1918 limited freedoms in the United States.
• Selective Service Act was enacted in 1917 to
  prepare the U.S. military for war.
• Required men between ages 21-30 to register for
  draft.
• Almost 3 million Americans were drafted into
  service in World War I.
• Liberty bonds were issued by the government to
  help finance Allied war efforts.
• War Industries Board and Food Administration
  worked to supply the troops with materials and
  food supplies.

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Main Idea 3Labor shortages created new wartime
opportunities for women and other Americans.

• Factors that led to a labor shortage in the
  United States during the war
• American factories needed new workers to meet
  huge production demands.
• The war almost completely closed immigration,
  thus cutting-off the main source of labor to
  American industry.
• Many of the young men who would normally take
  factory jobs were serving in the military.

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Womens War Efforts

• Many American women took on new roles to help the
  war effort.
• 1 million women joined the workforce.
• About 25,000 women volunteered to serve in
  non-combat positions in Europe.
• Other women protested Americas participation in
  the war.

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Labor and the War

• New job opportunities encouraged Mexican
  Americans and African Americans to move to
  northern industrial cities.
• Union membership increased.
• Workers in a better position to demand higher
  wages
• More than 4 million unionized workers went on
  strike during the war.
• National War Labor Board was established to help
  management and workers reach agreements.
• Settled more than 1,000 labor disputes
• Worked to prevent strikes

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Americans in World War I

• The Big Idea
• American troops helped the Allies achieve victory
  in World War I.
• Main Ideas
• American soldiers started to arrive in Europe in
  1917.
• The Americans helped the Allies win the war.
• Germany agreed to an armistice after suffering
  heavy losses.

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Main Idea 1 American soldiers started to arrive
in Europe in 1917.

• Americans joined the fight in Europe in 1917 as a
  force separate from the other Allied units.
• U.S. troops were known as the American
  Expeditionary Force
• Led by General John J. Pershing
• Thoroughly trained for combat before reaching
  front lines
• Included regular army and National Guard troops,
  volunteers, and draftees

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Russia Leaves the War
Revolution in Russia

• November 1917 a group of Russians known as the
  Bolsheviks overthrew the Russian government.
• Bolsheviks were Communists people who favor the
  equal distribution of wealth and the end of all
  forms of private property.

New Government

• Led by Vladimir Lenin
• Knew the war had reached a desperate point
• Around 8 million Russians had already been
  killed.
• Soldiers were deserting.
• Food riots raged in cities.
• March 1918 Russia signed the Treaty of
  Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers, taking
  itself out of World War I.

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Main Idea 2The Americans helped the Allies win
the war.

• With Russia gone, Germany planned to smash the
  stalemate.
• American soldiers arrived on the front.
• Germans made an advance, but were unprepared for
  the fresh, well-trained American forces and were
  driven back.
• July 1918 German forces launch final offensive
• Attempted to cross the Marne River
• Terrible losses forced them to stop.
• American troops helped force a major turning
  point in the war.

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Main Idea 3Germany agreed to an armistice after
suffering heavy losses.

• Allies drove toward victory after the failed
  German advance.
• More than 1 million U.S. troops in France
• Began winning victories against German forces
• By November 1918, American soldiers were making
  rapid advance toward Germany.

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Germany Defeated

• At home and on the battlefield, Germans were
  tired of war.
• Food shortages
• Riots and strikes
• Shortage of soldiers

• Germanys allies were also eager to end the war.
• Austria-Hungary reached a peace accord with the
  Allies on November 3, 1918.

• Seeing his country was beaten, German leader
  Kaiser Wilhelm II fled.

• Germany agreed to an armistice, or truce, on
  November 11, 1918.

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Establishing Peace

• The Big Idea
• The United States and the victorious Allied
  Powers clashed over postwar plans.
• Main Ideas
• The costs of war included millions of human lives
  as well as financial burdens.
• President Woodrow Wilson and European leaders met
  to work out a peace agreement.
• The U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles.

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Main Idea 1The costs of war included millions
of human lives as well as financial burdens.

• Casualties
• Allied 5 million soldiers dead
• American 116,000 soldiers dead 200,000 soldiers
  wounded
• Central Powers 3.5 million soldiers dead
• Russia and Germany had the highest death tolls.

• Financial Losses
• 30 billion in property destroyed
• Factories and farms throughout Europe in ruins
• Allies 145 billion spent
• Central Powers 63 billion spent
• European nations deeply in debt

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Influenza Epidemic

• In 1918, a worldwide epidemic of influenza, or
  flu, broke out.
• Extremely contagious
• Deadly
• Spread by air
• No known cure
• Spread by American soldiers to civilians and then
  to Europe and beyond.
• 30 million people died from the virus worldwide.
• 800,000 Americans died
• Changed life in the United States
• In Chicago, the flu more than doubled the death
  rate.
• Quarantines were implemented in some states.
• Many cities banned public gatherings, including
  school classes.

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Main Idea 2 President Woodrow Wilson and
European leaders met to work out a peace
agreement.

• President Woodrow Wilson developed plans for a
  postwar peace agreement.
• Known as the Fourteen Points
• Called for the creation of League of Nations, an
  international assembly of nations.
• European leaders disagreed with Wilsons vision.
• Wanted to punish Germany for its role in the war
• Wanted to prevent Germany from ever again
  becoming a world power

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Key Goals of the Fourteen Points

• End secret alliances
• Encourage free shipping
• Remove barriers to trade
• Reduce armies and navies

• Resolve colonial claims
• Support the right of people to choose their own
  government
• Settle border disputes
• Establish the League of Nations

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Paris Peace Conference
American and European leaders met at the Paris
Peace Conference, held at the palace of
Versailles, near Paris
No representatives from Russia or the Central
Powers attended.

• Allied leaders demanded that Germany
• Accept complete blame for the war
• Make reparations, or payments for war damages
• Give up large parts of its territory

Wilson reluctantly agreed to this peace
agreement, the Treaty of Versailles.
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The Treaty of Versailles

• German reparations of 33 billion
• Established the League of Nations
• Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania,
  Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia became independent
  nations.
• Poland was restored as a nation
• Central Powers turned over their colonies to the
  League of Nations.
• Central Powers nations broken up

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Main Idea 3 The U.S. Senate rejected the
Treaty of Versailles.

• U.S. Constitution states that treaties must be
  ratified by at least two-thirds of the Senate.
• Wilson presented the treaty to the Senate.
• Senator Henry Cabot Lodge wanted the winners to
  set the terms of the peace and demanded changes.
• Republicans were worried about the League of
  Nations power to use military force.
• On November 19, 1919, the Senate voted and the
  Treaty of Versailles was defeated.
• The United States signed separate peace treaties
  with Germany, Austria, and Hungary.

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Chapter Review

• P. 741-742
• Reviewing Vocab, Terms, People
• 1-7
• Comprehension Critical Thinking
• 8 a,b
• 9 a,b
• 10 a,c
• 11 a,b
• 15
• P. 743 Standardized Test Practice 1-6