The Periodic Table

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The Periodic Table

• Elemental Video
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v1PSzSTilu_s

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Why is the Periodic Table important ?

• The periodic table is the most useful tool to a
  chemist.
• It organizes lots of information about all the
  known elements.

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Groups Vertical Lines

• Elements in the same group have similar chemical
  and physical properties!!

• Why?
• They have the same number of valence electrons.
• They will form same kind of ions.
• Combine the same way

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• Elements in the same row or period, have same
  number of energy levels.
• 11Na 13 Al
  15P

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Lewis Dot Diagram

• Symbol of the element and dots representing the
  valence electrons
• Na ? Ca ? ? Al ?
• ?
  ?

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Rule of 8

• The majority of the elements form ions in order
  to have 8 electrons on their last energy level.
  ( they want to be like the noble gases and have
  their last level complete)
• Na and Cl
• Why table salt NaCl exists in nature ?

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Hydrogen

• Forms H1 ion
• Hydrogen belongs to a family of its own.
• Hydrogen is a diatomic, reactive gas H2
• Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the
  Hindenberg.
• Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel
  source for automobiles

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Group 1 - Alkali Metals

• Li to Fr
• .All have 1 valence electron
• .All form X1
• Very reactive metals.
• Soft metals.

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Group 2 - Alkaline Earth Metals

• Be to Ra
• All have 2 v.e
• All form X3
• Several of these elements are important mineral
  nutrients (such as Mg and Ca)

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Transition Metals

• Elements in the middle
• Less reactive, harder metals
• Includes metals used in jewelry and construction.
• Metals used in alloys

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Group 3 - Boron Family

• Elements in group 13
• Aluminum metal was once rare and expensive, not a
  disposable metal.

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Group 4 - Carbon Family

• Contains elements important to life and
  computers.
• Carbon is the basis for an entire branch of
  chemistry.
• Silicon and Germanium are important
  semiconductors.

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Group 5 - Nitrogen Family

• Elements in group 15
• Nitrogen makes up over ¾ of the atmosphere.
• Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important in
  living things.
• Most of the worlds nitrogen is not available to
  living things.
• The red stuff on the tip of matches is phosphorus.

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Group 6 - Oxygen Family

• Elements in group 16
• Oxygen is necessary for respiration.
• Many things that stink, contain sulfur (rotten
  eggs, garlic, skunks,etc.)

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Group 7 - Halogens

• From F to I
• All have 7 v.e
• All form X-1
• Very reactive, volatile, diatomic, nonmetals
• Always found combined with other element in
  nature .
• Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth.

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Group 8 - Noble Gases
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The Noble Gases

• He to Rn
• Have last level complete
• VERY unreactive gases
• Used in lighted neon signs