N.S. 100 Lecture 3

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N.S. 100 Lecture 3 Biochemistry is broken up
into 3 parts this is part 3c
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As in lard
As in some plant oils
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Omega 3 Fatty Acids Healthiest of all
Fight blood clots Reduce fat levels in the
blood Reduce fatty deposits in arteries Found
in Certain fatty fish (salmon, albacore, lake
trout, sardines) Lesser amounts in walnuts soy
based products
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Compare Spreads!Keep an eye on Saturated Fat,
Trans Fat and Cholesterol!

Margarine - stick
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Butter
Margarine - soft
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http//biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/cistrans
.jpg
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Trans Fats are most unhealthy of all fats
Bubbling hydrogen (hydrogenation) through
unsaturated fats (good ones) changes the
orientation of the hydrogens from cis to
trans and causes oils to turn solid
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• Why are trans fats bad?
• Raise LDL levels
• Lower HDL levels
• Raise fat levels in blood
• Prevent blood vessels from opening up

Trans Foods Foods that say partially
hydrogenated or hydrogenated.
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IngredientsLiquid Canola Oil, Water, Partially
Hydrogenated Soybean Oil, Plant Stanol Esters,
Salt, Emulsifiers, (Vegetable Mono- and
Diglycerides, Soy Lecithin), Hydrogentated
Soybean Oil, Potassium Sorbate, Citric Acid and
Calcium Disodium EDTA to Preserve Freshness,
Artificial Flavor, DL-alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate,
Vitamin A Palmitate, Colored with Beta Carotene.
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Normal blood flow through artery
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http//www.ppsinc.org/images/cholplaque.jpg
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cholesterol
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Food Genetics are sources of cholesterol
Liver degrades HDL Cholesterol
Excess LDL Cholesterol forms fat artery deposit
Liver degrades some LDL cholesterol
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Anabolic (growth) steroid (lipids) causes tissue
to grow
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Biologically Important Organic Molecules Hydrocarb
ons Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) Carbohydrates C,
H, Oxygen (O) Proteins C, H, O, Nitrogen (N),
Sulfur(S) Lipids C, H, O Nucleic Acids C, H,
O, N, Phosphorous (P)
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DNA from a lysed bacterial cell
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The DNA double helix Two strands of nucleic acid
(polymers)
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DNA discovery in 1953 is a Milestone in Biology
and Medicine
Most famous photo in biology
Watson and Crick
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Wilkins
Franklin
Pauling
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Nucleotide is the monomer
DNA double helix is the polymer
Double Helix
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Electron micrograph of DNA 1,000,000 times
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Human cells have about 3 yards of DNA in each of
the 2 trillion cells in a human body
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Year 2000
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The U.S. Human Genome Project coordinated by the
DOE and NIH, is a multi-year effort to find all
the genes on every chromosome in the human body
and to determine their biochemical nature
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Science hurts my head
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Polymer Monomer Polypeptide
(Protein) Amino acids Polysaccharide (Starch)
Monosaccharide (glucose) Lipid, Fats Fatty
Acids and Glycerol Nucleic Acid (DNA) Nucleotide
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REVIEW
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substrate
Active site
Protein
Enzymes are (special) proteins with active sites.
Active site attracts substrate(s)
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Active site
Substrate
Enzyme
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Enzyme is used over and over again
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Some enzymes catalyze 600,000 reactions per
second in one active site
Some enzymes catalyze 600,000 reactions per
second in one active site
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Humans make 35,000 chemical products
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Humans have 35,000 enzymes
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Enzyme makes sure that A and B unite in correct
way
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A
A
B
B
B
A
enzyme
No product formed
A
C
B
A substrate B substrate C
product
A and B can only go together one way to form
product
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Enzymes - Two important functions 1. Lower the
energy of activation for chemical reactions
(less heat needed). 2. Channel chemical
reactions along certain specific pathways.
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Enzymes lower the energy of activation of
chemical reactions or they decrease the
heat needed for a chemical reaction.
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Enzymes channel chemical reactions along certain
specific pathways.
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Temperature influences enzyme reaction rate
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Enzyme reaction rate
Temperature
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Enzyme to make dark fur is destroyed by warmth of
mother Babys white fur blends with ice for
protection
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Polymers) in food must be digested to monomers
before they can be used
Digestive enzyme
Proteins digested into monomers (amino acids)
Carbohydrates digested into monomers
(monosaccharides)
Digestive tract enzymes
Lipids digested into monomers (fatty acids and
glycerol)
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Monomers of amino acids
Bile emulsifies lipids (polymers), like soap does
to grease on a plate
Bile
Lipid polymers
Peptidase
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Protein polymers
Carbohydrates polymers
Lipase
Amylase
Monomers of Glycerol and fatty acids
Monomers of monosaccharides or sugars
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Large food polymer too big to be absorbed
Enzymes amylase pepsin
lipase
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Intestinal wall lined with cells Blood vessel
Dimers too big to be absorbed
Monomers are small enough to be absorbed
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Do I need Enzymes?