The Metric System

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(Systeme International)
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Branches of Earth Science

• Geology
• Study of the origin, history,
  
• and structure of the earth
• Meteorology
• Study atmosphere,
• especially weather
• weather conditions

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• Oceanography
• Study of the ocean and its phenomena
• 4. Astronomy
• Study of the
• position, composition
• of stars, planets other objects

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Earths 4 Spheres
Geosphere/
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TIME TO DRAW A.
PLEASE GET OUT A BLANK SHEET OF PAPER.

• SCIENTIST!!!

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How many of your drawings portrayed a scientist
that

• Is male?
• Is female?
• Is wearing glasses?
• Is wearing a lab coat?
• Has crazy hair?
• Is holding lab equipment?
• Is holding/around animals?
• Is white?
• 9. Asian?
• 10. African-American?

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Any that look like this???
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• Albert Einstein
• Theoretical Physicist
• Best known for
• EMC2

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Charles DarwinNaturalistBest known forThe
voyage of the BeagleThe Origin of
SpeciesNatural Selection
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Nikola TeslaInventor and Electrical
EngineerKnown for Birth of commercial
electricity (electricity and magnetism)
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Marie CuriePhysicist, ChemistKnown
for.Pioneer work in RadioactivityDiscovered
Polonium and Radium2 Nobel Prizes
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George Washington CarverBotanist,
InventorKnown forCrop rotation-
revolutionized southern farming (peanuts sweet
potatoes).
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Dr. Charles DrewPhysician ResearcherKnown
forDeveloping blood banks early in WWII
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• Rachel Carson
• Marine Biologist helped advance the environmental
  movement.
• Best Known For.
• Silent Spring
• Led to the formation of the EPA.

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Rosalind FranklinBiophysicistX-ray
CrystallographerKnown for.X-ray images of DNA.
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Jane GoodallPrimatologistEthologistAnthropolgis
tKnown for. 45 year study of chimpanzee
social and family interactions
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One more.

• YOU!!!

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Methods of Science

• To answer questions, scientists use many
  approaches, but they all use common steps
  SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• Problem/Question
• Develop a question or problem that can be solved
  through experimentation
• 2. Observation/Research
• Make observations and research your topic of
  interest.

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• 3. Hypothesis
• Possible explanation for the problem.
• - Must be testable!
• - Example
• If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth
  will increase.
• 4. Experiment
• Develop a procedure to test your hypothesis.
  Must be measurable (quantifiable).

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• 5. Collect Analyze Results/Data
• - Data is information obtained from an
  experiment
• - Can disprove or prove a hypothesis
• - Include tables, graphs photographs
• - Numbers, descriptors
• 6. Conclusion
• - Statement that accepts or rejects
• the hypothesis
• - Make recommendations for
• further study

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Experimental Variables

• Independent Variable
• On the X axis
• Intentionally manipulated variable
• Ex John is going to use 25 g, 50g, 100g and 250g
  of sugar in his experiment
• Dependent Variable
• On the Y axis
• Factor that may change as a result of changes
  made in the independent variable
• Ex Size of the loaf of bread based on amount of
  sugar used.

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• Situation 1
• Independent Variable
• Dependant Variable
• Control

1. Anne read that there had been a sewage spill
in one of the local creeks that runs into the
local river that is used for recreation, electric
power and drinking water. She also read that the
factor which causes fish kills in the water seems
to be a lowering of the dissolved oxygen. She
also learned that the microorganisms in the
sewage were using up the oxygen and if the
weather remained cool the DO level would probably
remain acceptable. She collected samples of water
from the creek, took them back to the lab and put
them into several containers of the same size
into which she put the same amount of water. She
varied the temperatures of each container from
below room temperature to above room temperature
but kept each at a constant temperature. Each day
she performed a dissolved oxygen test on the
samples and recorded her data. At the end of 5
days she was able to draw conclusions from her
experiment.
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2. John and his lab group were studying how
abiotic influence affect organisms. They were
told that they were to work with brine shrimp and
to determine the pH at which they survive best.
They worked with plastic tubing that could be
closed off at each end. They began by putting 10
brine shrimp in the tubing in a solution of
water. In one end they injected a small amount
of a 1 solution of HCL. In the other end a 1
solution of KOH was injected. They observed the
shrimp for 30 minutes, recorded their preferences
at one-minute intervals and repeated the
experiment 3 times.
Situation 2 - Independent Variable - Dependant
Variable - Control
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3. Amy's lab assignment was to determine how
members of a species are affected by
intraspecific competition. (Competition by
members within the same species). She used radish
seeds and planted them in small pots. She put the
same amount of dirt in each pot. In the first
five pots she planted one seed. In the second
five pots she planted 10 seeds and in the third
five pots she planted 20 seeds. She placed them
in a well lighted area and watered her plants
whenever the soil surface was dry. At the end of
three weeks she removed the plants from each pot
including the roots and determined the biomass
from each pot. From this she was able to
determine the average biomass.
Situation 3 - Independent Variable - Dependant
Variable - Control
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Situation 4 - Independent Variable - Dependant
Variable - Control
4. Bobs lab in APES was to measure the effect of
toxic materials on brine shrimp and determine the
LD50 (lethal dose 50). His group was assigned
to determine the LD50 of copper sulfate (CuSO4).
They used two petri dishes per concentration. In
two petri dishes they put a 10 solution of CuSO4
. In the next a 1 solution, in the next 0.1 ,
in the next 0.01 and in the last they used 0
copper suflate. They put 10 brine shrimp in
each petri dish and they examined them at the end
of 24 and 48 hours. From this they were able to
determine the approximate concentration at which
50 of the brine shrimp died within 48 hours.
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Situation 5 - Independent Variable - Dependant
Variable - Control
5. Katherine wanted to determine which of several
popular herbicides was most effective on weeds.
She grew five flats of 100 grass seeds each for 5
days. She then took each of five herbicides and
sprayed the same amount on each flat. Each flat
received the same amount of water and sunlight.
She observed the flats and the end of 12, 24, 36
and 48 hours and counted how many plants in each
flat died within the various time periods.
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Control Experimental Groups

• Control Group
• Serves as the standard of comparison
• No treatment given- control group is exposed to
  the same conditions as the experimental group
  (except for the variable being tested).
• Experimental Group
• Independent variable is changed
• Ex temperature or water given to a plant

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OBSERVATIONS
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OBSERVATION
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD
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Scientific Method Practice

• Work on the scientific method pages in your
  packet.
• When you finish, work on the review page.
• TEST ________
• REVIEW SHEET
• PACKET are DUE
• at the TEST

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SCIENTIFIC METHOD LAB
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Representing Data

• Graphing- A visual representation of data
  collected in an experiment
• 1. Line
• Shows trends
• easily

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• 2. Bar
• Shows counts.
• 3. Pie
• Shows percent
• of a whole.

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• 4. Pictograph
• uses images to
• depict information
• If I wanted to make a graph of how much rainfall
  occurred in each month, how should I plot my data
  for a bar graph?
• (What should be put on the X and Y axis?)

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ALWAYS USE

• L I N T

ABELS
NTERVALS
UMBERS
ITLE
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GRAPHS
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Work on the graphing pages in your packet
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Metric System (SI System)

• The Universal language of measurement
• Easily communicated to others
• Decimal system based on the number 10
• Used to measure length, volume, mass, weight,
  density and temperature

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METRIC VS CUSTOMARY
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Only 3 countries do NOT use the metric system
United States, Burma Liberia
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Kilo Hecto Deca BASE Deci
Centi MilliKing Henry Died By drinking
chocolate milk
Prefix Abbrev. Definition
Mega 1,000,000 x basic unit
Kilo k x basic unit
h 100 x basic unit
Deka 10 x basic unit
BASE m, g, or L 1 x basic unit
Deci d of the basic unit
c 1/100 of the basic unit
Milli m of the basic unit
µ 1/1,000,000 of the basic unit
M
1000
Hecto
D (sometimes da)
1/10
Centi
1/1000
Micro
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Kilo Hecto Deca BASE Deci
Centi Milli
1000X
10X
1X
1/10X
1000X
100X
1/100X
K
m
c
d
g, m, L
D
H
King Henry Died By drinking chocolate milk
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Length Measurement of distance between two
points.

• basic unit is the meter
• Kilometer
• Millimeter
• Megameter
• Centimeter

1000m
1/1000m
1,000,000m
1/100m
is SMALLER
K H D B d c m
is LARGER
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Why did I get a speeding ticket in Canada?
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MASS the amount of matter in an object.

• Basic unit is the gram (g)
• Nickel 5 g
• Person 52 kg
• What is the difference between
• mass and weight?
• Weight is the force which a given mass feels due
  to the gravity at its place.
• (F m x a)

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VOLUME Measure of the amount of liquid
material

• Basic unit is the Liter (L)
• 1 can of coke is 355 mL
• 1 large Nalgene bottle is 1L

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• DENSITY used to compare substances
  based on mass and volume.
• Basic unit is g/mL
• Density mass/volume (DM/V)
• Example an unknown sample
• Mass 1g and Volume 1 mL
• D 1g/1mL 1g/mL ?
• FYI 1 mL 1cm3

SAME MASS BUT DIFFERENT VOLUMES!
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE DENSITY?
WATER!
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TEMPERATURE

• Average kinetic energy in atoms.
• Measured in degrees Celsius or Kelvin
• C ? K K C 273
• K ? C C K 273
• C 5/9 (F-32)
• F 9/5 C 32
• Water boils at 100?C
• Water freezes at 0?C
• Body Temp 37?C

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METRIC MEASURMENTS
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• UNIT ONE TEST IS ON _______
• PACKET IS DUE AT THE TEST
• REVIEW PAGE IS DUE FOR A QUIZ GRADE AT THE TEST

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OLD NOTES beyond this point.
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METRIC SYSTEM CONVERSIONS
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Ladder Method
KILO1000Units
HECTO100Units
DEKA10Units
DECI0.1Unit
CENTI0.01Unit
MILLI0.001Unit
4 km _________ m
How many jumps does it take?
4.
4000 m
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Conversion Practice
Try these conversions using the ladder method.
a. 1cm _______ m b. 1m _______ km c. 10gm
_______ mg d. 112 mL _______ L e. 14.7 g
_______ kg
0.01
0.001
10,000
0.0147
0.112
Try MORE conversions using the ladder method.
1
1000
1600
f. 1000 mg _______ g g. 1 L _______ mL h.
160 cm _______ mm i. 14 km _______ m j.
109 g _______ kg k. 250 m _______ km
0.109
14,000
0.25
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Work on Metric Conversions In your Packet
What you dont finish in class today becomes
HOMEWORK QUIZ on METRIC CONVERSIONS in 2 Days!
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Metric Conversion Challenge
Write the correct abbreviation for each metric
unit. 1) Kilogram _____ 3) Centigram
_____ 5) Milimeter _____ 2)
Meter _____ 4) Dekaliter _____ 6) Hectoliter
_____ Try these conversions, using the
ladder method. 7) 55 mm _______ m 12)
0.075 m _______ cm 17) 2,355,000mm
_______km 8) 7000 cm _______ hm 13) 3456kg
__________mg 18) 0.042 hm ________ km 9) 275
mm _______ cm 14) 3500 km _________ m 19)
1355 km _________ m 10) 1000 ml _______ L
15) 3500 km _________ m 20) 6435 ml _________
kl 11) 25 cm _______ Dm 16) 1355m
_________km 21) 3.5kg ___________mg
22) 1 g _________ kg
cg
mm
Kg
m
DL
HL
0.055
7.5
2.355
0.0042
0.7
3.456 X 109
27.5
1,355,000
3,500,000
1.0
0.039
0.006435
0.025
1.355
3,500,000
0.001
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Temperature Problems

1. 100 C _________ F
2. -40 F _________ C
3. 180 F ________ C ________K
4. -28.7 C _________ F

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- 40
82.2
355.2
-19.66
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DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

• Mathematically converting from one unit of
  measurement into another.
• Uses ratios to convert units

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DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Dimensional Analysis Mathematically converting
one unit of measurement to another 1 cm
_________m 1 dm _________km 10 g
_________mg 112 mL _________dL 14.7g
_________g
0.01m
1 cm
1 m
0.01m
1 00 cm
0.0001
10,000
1dm
1m
1Km
0.0112
0.0001Km
10dm
1000m
14.7
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English/Metric Conversions

• Similar process as metric to metric conversion.
• Convert 12 inches into centimeters.
• Lookup conversion rate (2.54cm1in.)
• Setup.
• Solve!
• 12 in. ? cm
• 1 in.
• 12 in. 2.54cm
• 1 in.

multiply across the top and divide by the bottom
30.48 cm
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SI English Practice

• Work on Page 7 in your packet.
• When you are done, check your answers and move
  onto SI-English Conversion Practice half sheet.
• QUIZ TOMORROW ON METRIC CONVERSIONS

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GRAPHING ECOLOGY

• Do 2 of the 4 graphs outlined on page 8 on a
  separate piece of graph paper.
• Must have LINT BE NEAT (use a ruler) !!!!