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1
???????????????????1????????
08 1/9 ?????????? _at_ A613
  • ??????? ?????? ?????
  • ????? ?? ??

2
??????
1?????????? 2??????n??????????
??/???1??????????????1????????
?????????????????????????????? 3?????????????n??
???????? ???????????????????? 4?n??????????
Kennard-Stepanov???????????????????? 5????
3
?????????
???? (? ) ???? ????????? (state
filling) ?? ???????? (???????????) ????
(?????)
1?????????????
4
???? ???????(2?????)???
? ???????????????????? ? ????? (X- / charged
exciton / Trion) ??? ? ????????????????????????
87? Skolnick???? 93? Kheng???? 00? Huard????
??
5K
?
??
????
?
M. S. Skolnick et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2130
(1987).
V. Huard et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 187 (2000).
5
???? ??????????
91? Calleja???? 01? Yoshita???? 02?
Akiyama????
? ???????1????????? ?????????????? ?
T????????????? ? ????????????????PL??
??????????
?????????????????????????1?????????????????????
????????????????
J. M. Calleja et al., Solid State Commun. 79, 911
(1991).
6
????
?????????????????????????????/???1??????????????
??????????????? ????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????1?????????????????????
????????????(????????)??????????? ????????????(P
LE)??????????????????????????????PLE????????????
???????????????????????
? PLE PhotoLuminescence-Excitation (????????????
????????????????)
7
??????
1?????????? 2??????n??????????
??/???1??????????????1????????
?????????????????????????????? 3?????????????n??
???????? ???????????????????? 4?n??????????
Kennard-Stepanov???????????????????? 5????
8
?????n??????T??????????
???????(????????????)
1
? ?????????????? Loren N. Pfeiffer?????
lt??????gt 14 x 6nm (???????) lt????? 2gt Si
?????????? ? ?????????
1 M. Yoshita, H. Akiyama, L. N. Pfeiffer, and
K. W. West, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40, L252
(2001). 2 H. Akiyama, L. N. Pfeiffer, A.
Pinczuk, K. W. West, and M. Yoshita, Solid State
Commun. 122, 169 (2002).
9
???????????
??? 0.1 meV
??????? 1mm ???? 20mW
????????????????? ???????????????
???????????????? ??????
cw??(????????0.03 meV) ????????????????
?????????????????
10
?????????(PLE)??????????
??????????????????????PLE
???????????
???????????????????????????????????????
11
0.7V(?????)??????????????
??? (Ef/kBT1)
Vg 0.7 V ? ne 6105 cm-1 ? Ef 5 meV
(??????????????)
?? (Ef/kBT10)
12
0.7V(?????)??????????????
?????(FE Fermi edge)??????????????(BE band
edge)?????????
13
0.7V(?????)??????????????
??????????????????? ?????????????
1?????
14
????? ?????????????
A. Yamaguchi et al.,JJAP 33, L912 (1994).
50 K???????????????????? 1??????????
15
????????(???????)?????(5K)
ne 6105 cm-1
(??????)
?
????
?
16
???????? at 5K (0.7 - 0.5 V)
???????????? ? ?????????(????)???
17
???????? at 5K (0.4 - 0.35 V)
????BE?FE?????????
1?????
18
???????? at 5K (0.3 - 0 V)
V. Huard, PRL 84, 187 (2000).R. Kaur, PSS(a)
178, 465 (2000).
2???????????
??????????????
?????????????????
19
???????? at 5K (0.3 - 0 V)
V. Huard, PRL 84, 187 (2000).R. Kaur, PSS(a)
178, 465 (2000).
2???????????
??????????????
?????????????????
X- ????? X ?????
? X????stem well?ML??????
0V?PLE???????????PLE??? H. Itoh et al., APL 83,
2043 (2003).
0V???????(?????)???
20
??????? ?????????????
Vg 0.5 - 0.7 V
ne 4 - 6105 cm-1 (??1??????)
????????????????
? ??????????????????
Vg 0.35 - 0.4 V
ne 2 - 3105 cm-1 (???1??????)
??????????????????????
? 1?????????????
Vg 0.2 - 0.3 V
ne 1 - 2105 cm-1 ??????????????
21
?????????
????????????????????????????
ne 1-2105 cm-1
??????????(Vg0.2V)???????????
1?????
22
???????????????
03? Akiyama????
? ???????????????????(PLE)??
???????????1???????????
5K
H. Akiyama et al.,App. Phys. Lett. 82, 379
(2003).T. Ogawa et al.,Phys. Rev. B 43, 14325
(1991).
1?????????????????????????????
23
????????????????
J. M. Calleja et al.,Solid State Commun. 79, 911
(1991).
F. J. Rodriguez et al.,Phys. Rev. B 47, 13015
(1993).
??????? ????????????? ???II???(???????????)
???1?????????????????????????????????????????????
?
????? D. Y. Oberli et al., Physica E 11, 224
(2001).
24
??????
1?????????? 2??????n??????????
??/???1??????????????1????????
?????????????????????????????? 3?????????????n??
???????? ???????????????????? 4?n??????????
Kennard-Stepanov???????????????????? 5????
25
????????????????
? ?????????????P. Huai?????
??????????(??????????) 1 ???????????????????
???? 2 ?????????????????????? 3
??????????????????????????????? 4
1 S. Benner and H. Haug, Euro. Lett. 16, 579
(1991). 2 P. Huai et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.
46, L1071 (2007). 3 H. Haug and S. W. Koch,
Quantum Theory of the Optical and Electronic
Properties of Semiconductors (2004). 4 K.
Hannewald et al., Phys. Rev. B 62, 4519 (2000).
26
??????????????????
Kennard-Stepanov???
D. S. Sawicki et al.,Phys. Rev. A 54, 4837
(1996).
Kennard-Stepanov???????????? ? T 10.70.3 K
??????? ? ????6.4105cm-1? ? 0.8 meV
T10 K?mh1.5me?ne 6.4105cm-1??????????????????
?????????????????
27
1K????????????????
???(1K)???????????????????????
? ???????????????
28
????????????????????
??????????????????????????????
? ????????????????
29
????????????????
?
????
?
??????????????????????????????????
30
?????????????
???????????????????????????1?????????????????????
??????????
31
????1???????????????????
95? Rossi????
??????????????????????? ???????????1???????????
07? Huai????
P. Huai et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46, L1071
(2007).
????????????????????????????
32
?????n?????????????????
1?????????????????????????????3???????????????????
??????? ? ???1???????????????????????????????????
???1???????????????????????? ?
??1???????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????
????1-2105 cm-1?????????????????1???????????????
??????
T. Ihara et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 126803
(2007).T. Ogawa et al. , to be published in
Physica E.
33
??????
1?????????? 2??????n??????????
??/???1??????????????1????????
?????????????????????????????? 3?????????????n??
???????? ???????????????????? 4?n??????????
Kennard-Stepanov???????????????????? 5????
34
????????????????????
???????????????????????????
????????????????
?????
2D
H. P. van der Meulen et al., Phys. Status Solidi
B 215, 257 (1999).
???????????(Be)????????????? ?????????????
????????????1??????????????????
35
????????????n??????????
wire???????? 3104 cm-1????
???????1/10??
36
???????????????
???????????2??????????????
??????????
wire?arm well
37
???????????????????????
? Bulk carbon
Eb 26 meV
D. J. Ashen et al.,J. Phys. Chem. Solids36,
1041 (1975).
wire - 32 meV / arm well - 33 meV
? ??????????wire??????arm well??????
38
arm well?????????????????
?
2??????
?
2???????????????????????????Muelen??????????
39
wire?????????????????
?
1??????
?
1??????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????
(?????????)
40
??????
1?????????? 2??????n??????????
??/???1??????????????1????????
?????????????????????????????? 3?????????????n??
???????? ?????????????????????????? 4?n??????
???? Kennard-Stepanov???????????????????? 5??
??
41
Kennard-Stepanov????????????????
???????(I)????(A)?????????????
E. H. Kennard, Phys. Rev. 11, 29 (1918). B. I.
Stepanov, Sov. Phys. -Doklady 2, 81 (1957).
? Van Roosbroeck-Shockley relation????????????????
?????????????Einsteins relation???Kubo-Martine-Sc
hwinger relation?????????
??????(PL)???(PLE)???????????????
T ????? C ??
?????????????????????????
? T Tenv ? T gt Tenv ? ?????????
Denise A. Sawicki and Robert S. Knox, Phys. Rev.
A 54, 4837 (1996).
42
???????????????
?????GaAs?????PL????????????(60K??)??????????????
??TgtTenv????????????
S. Chatterjee, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 067402
(2004). D.Y. Oberli et al. Phys. Status Solidi B
178, 211 (2000).
????????????????TTenv??????? (????????????)
???????????(2DEG??6x1010cm-2) ????(Tenv )
?Si????????????
???100K???1 K? 100K???1
43
?????????????????
???? Tenv 331 K
ML???
ln(PL/w2 )-ln(PLE)??????????????????
????????????????????? ? T 33.40.1K
?????????
44
5-200K?????? (????)
T(Tenv)
????????
PL??????
??????5-200K???????T?Tenv?????.
? ?????????3-10.
??????????PL?PLE???????????????
45
????????????
ML???
?? T?Tenv???1K??????(???????????????)
?? ?????????????ML???????????
46
????????????T??? (50K??)
??????0.5 K/meV???
???????????????????????????????????????????(1?????
?????)
47
????????????n??????????????
1?????????????????????????????????????????????????
??? ?????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????
n??????????????
???????????? PL?PLE??Kennard-Stepanov?????????????
????????????????????????0.5 K/meV????????????????
?????????????????????????????1??????????????????
??????????????????????
48
???
?????n??????????????PLE??????????????????? 1?????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????? ??????????????????
????????????????????????????????????? Kennard-Ste
panov??????????????????????????????????????1?????
???????????????????
?????
??????? ????? ?????? ??????????????????PLE??
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