Parenting

1
Chapter 11

• Parenting

2
Chapter Outline

• Roles Involved in Parenting
• Choices Perspective of Parenting
• Transition to Parenthood
• Parenthood Some Facts
• Principles of Effective Parenting
• Single Parenting Issues
• Approaches to Childrearing

3
True or False?

• Mothers, more than fathers, are much more likely
  to overindulge their children.

4
Answer True

• Mothers, more than fathers, are much more likely
  to overindulge their children.

5
True or False?

• Infants who sleep with their own parents in the
  parents bed are at significant risk of Sudden
  Infant Death Syndrome when compared with children
  who do not share a bed with their parents.

6
Answer False

• A study of 260 SIDS deaths found that the usual
  bed sharing where one infant shares the bed with
  a parent is not associated with SIDS.
• However, where the parent slept on a sofa or
  where more than one child was in the bed, there
  was an increased risk of SIDS.

7
True or False?

• Parents, compared to nonparents, report higher
  marital satisfaction.

8
Answer False

• A study of the effect children have on marital
  satisfaction found
• Parents (both women and men) reported lower
  marital satisfaction than nonparents.
• Mothers of infants reported the most significant
  drop in marital satisfaction.
• The higher the number of children, the lower the
  marital satisfaction.
• Factors that depressed marital satisfaction were
  conflict and loss of freedom.

9
Roles Involved in Parenting

1. Caregiver
2. Emotional Resource
3. Economic Resource
4. Teacher
5. Protector
6. Health Promotion
7. Ritual Bearer

10
Parent as Teacher

• Learning how to fish begins with learning how to
  use the equipment.
• A hands-on lesson is the beginning of the skill.

• Pg. 317

11
Parent as Protector

• This mother is ensuring the safety of her child
  by putting her child on the school bus.

• Pg. 318

12
Nature of Parenting Choices

• Not to make a parental decision is to make a
  decision.
• All parental choices involve trade-offs.
• Reframe regretful parental decisions.

13
Five Basic Parenting Choices

1. Deciding whether to have a child.
2. Deciding the number of children.
3. Deciding the interval between children.
4. Deciding ones method of discipline and guidance.
5. Deciding the degree to which one will be invested
   in the role of parent.

14
Transition to Motherhood

• Although childbirth is sometimes thought of as
  painful, some women describe the experience as
  fantastic, joyful, and unsurpassed.
• Emotional bonding may be temporarily impeded by a
  mild depression, characterized by irritability,
  crying, loss of appetite, and difficulty sleeping.

15
Transition to Motherhood

• A womans transition to the role of mother begins
  when she becomes pregnant.

• Pg. 320

16
How Children Benefit From an Involved Father

• Make good grades
• Less involved in crime
• Good health/self-concept
• Have a strong work ethic
• Have durable marriages

• Have a strong moral conscience
• Have higher life satisfaction
• Have higher incomes as adults
• Have higher education levels

17
How Children Benefit From an Involved Father

• Form close friendships
• Have stable jobs
• Have fewer premarital births

• Have lower child sex abuse
• Exhibit fewer anorectic symptoms

18
Percentage of Couples Getting Divorced by Number
of Children
19
Transition from a Couple to a Family

• Researchers disagree over whether children have a
  negative or positive impact on a couples marital
  relationship.
• Regardless of how children affect the feelings
  spouses have about their marriage, spouses report
  more commitment to their relationship once they
  have children.

20
Parenthood Some Facts

• Each Child Is Unique
• Parents soon become aware of how each child is
  different from every other child they know.
• Parents Are Only One Influence in a Childs
  Development
• Others include siblings, teachers, media,
  internet

21
Parenting Styles

• Permissive parents are high on responsiveness and
  low on demandingness.
• Authoritarian parents are high on demandingness
  and low in responsiveness.
• Authoritative parents are both demanding and
  responsive.
• Uninvolved parents are low in responsiveness and
  demandingness.

22
Question

• What style of parenting is associated with
  obedience at all costs?
• authoritative parenting
• permissive parenting
• authoritarian parenting
• democratic parenting

23
Answer C

• The authoritarian parenting style is associated
  with obedience at all costs.

24
Question

• Who are more likely to defer to their children?
• permissive parents
• democratic parents
• authoritative parents
• authoritarian parents

25
Answer A

• Permissive parents are more likely to defer to
  their children.

26
Principles of Effective Parenting

• Time, Love, Praise, and Encouragement
• Since children depend on their parents for the
  development of their of emotional security, that
  parents must provide a warm emotional context in
  which the children can develop.

27
Principles of Effective Parenting

• Monitor Childs Activities
• Abundant research suggests that parents who know
  where their children are and who they are with,
  are less likely to report that their adolescents
  are involved in delinquent behavior such as
  drinking alcohol, poor academic performance, and
  sexual activity.

28
Principles of Effective Parenting

• Set Limits and Discipline Children for
  Inappropriate Behavior
• The goal of guidance is self-control.
• Guidance may involve reinforcing desired behavior
  or providing limits to childrens behavior.

29
Principles of Effective Parenting

• Provide Security
• Security provides children with the needed
  self-assurance to venture beyond the family.
• Encourage Responsibility
• Giving children increased responsibility
  encourages the autonomy and independence they
  need to be assertive and independent.

30
Principles of Effective Parenting

• Provide Sex Education
• Although they are reluctant to discuss safe sex,
  their doing so often has positive consequences.
• Express Confidence
• If the parents show the child that they have
  confidence in him or her, the child begins to
  accept these social definitions as real and
  becomes more self-confident.

31
Principles of Effective Parenting

• Respond to Teen Years Creatively
• Catch them doing what you like rather than
  criticizing them for what you dont like.
• Be direct when necessary.
• Provide information rather than answers.
• Be tolerant of high activity levels.
• Engage in some activity with your teenagers.

32
Teenagers

• Teenagers present a special challenge to parents
  to begin with, teenagers sometimes put a low
  value on parents.

• Pg. 332

33
Single Parents

• At least half of all children will spend 1/4 of
  their lives in a female-headed household.
• The stereotype of the single parent is the
  unmarried Black single mother.
• In reality, 40 of single mothers are white and
  only 33 are Black.

34
Single Parents

• A single-parent family is one in which there is
  only one parent.
• The other parent is completely out of the childs
  life through death, sperm donation, or complete
  abandonment.
• A single-parent household is one in which one
  parent typically has primary custody of the child
  or children but the parent living out of the
  house is still a part of the childs family.

35
Challenges of Single Parenting

1. Responding to the demands of parenting with
   limited help.
2. Adult emotional needs.
3. Adult sexual needs.
4. Lack of money.
5. If the other parent is completely out of the
   childs life, the single parent needs to appoint
   a guardian in the event of death or disability.

36
Challenges of Single Parenting

• Prenatal care.
• Single women who decide to have a child have
  poorer pregnancy outcomes than married women.
• Absence of a father.
• Negative life outcomes for the child in a
  single-parent family.

37
Question

• Which of the following is not a challenge faced
  by a single parent?
• independence
• satisfaction of adult needs
• financial struggles
• discipline of children

38
Answer A

• Independence is not a challenge faced by a single
  parent.

39
Approaches to Childrearing

• Developmental-Maturational Approach
• Ages-and-stages approach to childrearing
• Behavioral Approach
• Behavior is learned through classical and operant
  conditioning.

40
Approaches to Childrearing

• Parent Effectiveness Training Approach
• Focuses on what children feel and experience in
  the here and nowhow they see the world.
• Socioteleological Approach
• Because children feel powerless in the face of
  adult superiority, they try to compensate by
  gaining attention, exerting power, seeking
  revenge, and acting inadequate.

41
Approaches to Childrearing

• Attachment Parenting
• Overall, the ultimate goal is for parents to get
  connected with their baby.
• Once parents are connected, it is easy for
  parents to figure out what works for them and to
  develop a parenting style that fits them and
  their baby.

42
Question

• What is the primary focus of parent effectiveness
  training?
• family systems theory
• letting children make their own decisions
• operant conditioning
• life and behavior based on how children view
  their world

43
Answer D

• The primary focus of parent effectiveness
  training is life and behavior based on how
  children view their world.

44
Question

• The theory that children feel powerless and act
  out to compensate for it is the basis for
• social learning approach.
• family systems theory.
• socioteleological approach.
• reality therapy.

45
Answer C

• The theory that children feel powerless and act
  out to compensate for it is the basis for
  socioteleological approach.