Parenting

1
Parenting

• Changing roles within the relationship
• Polarizing Gender ID
• Expectations vs. Reality
• Story of Jani
• Drawing a Family- Artistic Ability Not Assumed

2
Beginnings

• Began with Erikson (1963)- Looked at two
  dimensions of parental behavior
• Affection (Warm/Responsive vs Cold/Hostile)
• Amount of positive emotion displayed toward
  children
• Responsiveness toward child behavior
• Control (permissive vs restrictive)
• Amount of autonomy parent allows the child
• Degree to which parent monitors the child behavior

3
2 Dimensions
?Affection?
Low
High
? Control ?
Low
High
4
Parent Behaviors

• Developed four types of parenting behaviors based
  on these two dimensions
• Affectionate (accepting, warm and responsive)
  parents
• Smile, praise, encourage children
• more likely to use positive reinforcement and
  encouragement
• Limit criticism, punishment, and disapproval
• Attentive to childs behavior
• Unresponsive (rejecting, cold and hostile)
  parents
• Critical, belittle, punish, ignore children
• quick to criticize, punish
• put downs
• ignore child
• Which is Better?

5
Parent Behaviors

• Controlling (restrictive) parents
• Set limits on childs behavior
• impose many demands and has high standards
• high levels of monitoring to make sure rules are
  followed
• May ease up, less restrictive as child gets older
• Uncontrolling (permissive) parents
• Make few demands
• Set few limits on childs behavior
• Allow child to make choices independently
• Allow child to express emotions (positive and
  negative)
• Dont monitor their childs activities
• Which is Better?

6
Baumrinds Parenting Styles

• Took Eriksons Dimensions and put them together
  (created 4 quadrants)

7
High- Controlling/Restrictive
? Control ?
?Affection?
Low- Unresponsive/ Cold
High Affectionate/ Accepting
Low- Uncontrolling/Permissive
8
Baumrinds Parenting Styles

• Four Distinct Parenting Styles
• Authoritarian (Controlling and low acceptance/low
  responsiveness)
• Very restrictive pattern
• High levels of punishment to enforce rules
• Not sensitive to opposing viewpoints
• High levels of rules (often w/o explanation- b/c
  I said so)

9
Baumrinds Parenting Styles

• Authoritative (controlling and responsive/
  accepting)
• Flexible style of parenting
• More freedom for child
• Rules, but provide rationales for the limits they
  set
• Monitor to ensure the child follows rules
• Accepting of and responsive to childrens views

10
Baumrinds Parenting Styles

• Permissive (uncontrolling/uninvolved and
  warm/responsive)
• Lax pattern of parenting
• Few demands
• Child allowed to freely express views
• Little to no monitoring of child activities

11
Baumrinds Parenting Styles

• Uninvolved- (uncontrolling unresponsive/
  unaccepting)
• Lax pattern of parenting
• Makes few demands
• Rejecting of the child
• Detached parenting
• Neglectful

12
High- Controlling/Restrictive
? Control ?
Authoritative
Authoritarian
?Affection?
Low- Unresponsive/ Cold
High Affectionate/ Accepting
Permissive
Uninvolved
Low- Uncontrolling/Permissive
13
Which style would be associated with the best
child outcomes?

• Authoritative
• Early
• Increased cognitive skills
• increased social skills
• Adolescence
• Increased academic achievement
• Increased Prosocial behaviors
• Increased high self esteem
• Authoritarian
• Early
• Average to low cognitive skills
• Average to low social skills
• Adolescence
• Average to low academic achievement
• Average to low peer relationships- though more
  conforming

14
Outcomes

• Permissive
• Early
• Decreased cognitive skills
• Decreased social skills- impulsive
• Adolescence
• Decreased academic achievement
• Increased drug use
• Poor self-control
• Uninvolved (research done by others later)
• Early
• Attachment problems
• Increased aggression
• Decreased emotional control, low self-esteem
• Adolescence
• Increased aggression
• Decreased academic achievement
• Increased delinquency, drug use, sexual misconduct

15
Other Populations

• Military Factory worker households
• Authoritarian parenting
• Ethnic minorities (Af. Am, Nat Am, Latino)
• Permissive until school age
• Then authoritative or authoritarian
• Asian cultures (especially Chinese)- more
  authoritarian? positive results