ARM7TDMI Processor

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ARM7TDMI Processor
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ARM7TDMI processor

• The ARM7TDMI processor is a member of the
  Advanced RISC machine family of general purpose
  32-bit microprocessor
• What does mean ARM7TDMI ?
• ARM7 - 32-bit Advanced RISC Machine
• T - Thumb architecture extension
• Two separate instruction sets, 32-bit ARM
  instructions and 16-bit Thumb instructions
• D - Debug extension
• M - Enhanced multiplier
• I - Embedded ICE macrocell extension

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ARM7TDMI Block Diagram

• Von Neumann Architecture
• 3-stage pipeline
• fetch, decode, execute
• 32-bit Data Bus
• 32-bit Address Bus
• 37 32-bit registers
• 32-bit ARM instruction set
• 16-bit THUMB instruction set
• 32x8 Multiplier
• Barrel Shifter

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ARM7TDMI Operating States

• The ARM7TDMI processor has two operating states
• ARM state which executes 32-bit, word aligned ARM
  instructions
• THUMB state which can execute 16-bit, halfword
  aligned THUMB instructions
• Switching state
• Entering THUMB state
• BX instruction with the state bit (bit 0) set in
  the operand register.
• Automatically on return from an exception (IRQ,
  FIQ, ABORT, SWI,), if the exception was entered
  with the processor in THUMB state.
• Entering ARM state
• BX instruction with the state bit clear in the
  operand register.
• Automatically on the processor taking an
  exception. In this case, the PC is placed in the
  exception modes link register.

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ARM7TDMI Operating Modes

• The ARM7TDMI supports seven modes of operation
• User (usr) The normal ARM program execution
  state
• FIQ (fiq) Designed to support a data transfer or
  channel process
• IRQ (irq) Used for general-purpose interrupt
  handling
• Supervisor (svc) Protected mode for the
  operating system
• Abort mode (abt) Entered after a data or
  instruction prefetch abort
• System (sys) A privileged user mode for the
  operating system
• Undefined (und) Entered when an undefined
  instruction is executed
• Mode changes may be made under software control,
  or may be brought about by external interrupts or
  exception processing.
• Most application programs will execute in User
  mode. The non-user modes' known as privileged
  modes-are entered in order to service interrupts
  or exceptions, or to access protected resources.

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ARM7TDMI Registers

• The ARM7TDMI has a total of 37 registers
• 31 general-purpose 32-bit registers
• 6 status registers
• These registers cannot all be seen at once. The
  processor state and operating mode dictate which
  registers are available to the programmer.

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ARM State Registers Set
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THUMB State Registers Set
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Relationship between ARM and THUMB state registers

• The THUMB state registers relate to the ARM state
  registers in the following way

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Program Status Registers (1/3)

• The ARM7TDMI contains a Current Program Status
  Register (CPSR), plus five Saved Program Status
  Registers (SPSRs) for use by exception handlers.
• These register's functions are
• Hold information about the most recently
  performed ALU operation
• Control the enabling and disabling of interrupts
• Set the processor operating mode

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Program Status Registers (2/3)

• Condition Code Flags
• The N, Z, C and V bits may be changed as a result
  of arithmetic and logical operations, and may be
  tested to determine whether an instruction should
  be executed
• In ARM state, all instructions may be executed
  conditionally.
• In THUMB state, only the Branch instruction is
  capable of conditional execution.
• Control Bits
• The I, F, T and M40) bits will be changed when
  an exception arises. If the processor is
  operating in a privileged mode, they can also be
  manipulated by software.
• T bit
• This reflects the operating state. When this bit
  is set, the processor is executing in THUMB
  state, otherwise it is executing in ARM state.
  This is reflected on the TBIT external signal.
• Note that the software must never change the
  state of the TBIT in the CPSR. If this happens,
  the processor will enter an unpredictable state.

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Program Status Registers (3/3)

• Control Bits
• Interrupt disable bits
• The I and F bits are the interrupt disable bits.
  When set, these disable the IRQ and FIQ
  interrupts respectively.
• Mode bits
• The M4, M3, M2, M1 and M0 bits (M40) are the
  mode bits. These determine the processor's
  operating mode. Not all combinations of the mode
  bits define a valid processor mode. Only those
  explicitly described shall be used. The user
  should be aware that if any illegal value is
  programmed into the mode bits, M40, then the
  processor will enter an unrecoverable state. If
  this occurs, reset should be applied.

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Exceptions (1/6)

• Exceptions arise whenever the normal flow of a
  program has to be halted temporarily
• For example to service an interrupt from a
  peripheral.
• ARM supports 7 types of exception and has a
  privileged processor mode for each type of
  exception.
• ARM Exception vectors

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Exceptions (2/6)

• When handling an exception, the ARM7TDMI
• Preserves the address of the next instruction in
  the appropriate Link Register
• Copies the CPSR into the appropriate SPSR
• Forces the CPSR mode bits to a value which
  depends on the exception
• Forces the PC to fetch the next instruction from
  the relevant exception vector
• It may also set the interrupt disable flags to
  prevent otherwise unmanageable nestings of
  exceptions.
• If the processor is in THUMB state when an
  exception occurs, it will automatically switch
  into ARM state when the PC is loaded with the
  exception vector address.

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Exceptions (3/6)

• On completion, the exception handler
• Moves the Link Register, minus an offset where
  appropriate, to the PC. (The offset will vary
  depending on the type of exception.)
• Copies the SPSR back to the CPSR
• Clears the interrupt disable flags, if they were
  set on entry

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Exceptions (4/6)

• Reset
• When the processors Reset input is asserted
• CPSR ? Supervisor I F
• PC ? 0x00000000
• Undefined Instruction
• If an attempt is made to execute an instruction
  that is undefined
• LR_undef ? Undefined Instruction Address 4
• PC ? 0x00000004, CPSR ? Undefined I
• Return with MOVS pc, lr
• Prefetch Abort
• Instruction fetch memory abort, invalid fetched
  instruction
• LR_abt ? Aborted Instruction Address 4,
  SPSR_abt ? CPSR
• PC ? 0x0000000C, CPSR ? Abort I
• Return with SUBS pc, lr, 4

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Exceptions (5/6)

• Data Abort
• Data access memory abort, invalid data
• LR_abt ? Aborted Instruction 8, SPSR_abt ?
  CPSR
• PC ? 0x00000010, CPSR ? Abort I
• Return with SUBS pc, lr, 4 or SUBS pc, lr, 8
• Software Interrupt
• Enters Supervisor mode
• LR_svc ? SWI Address 4, SPSR_svc ? CPSR
• PC ? 0x00000008, CPSR ? Supervisor I
• Return with MOV pc, lr

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Exceptions (6/6)

• Interrupt Request
• Externally generated by asserting the processors
  IRQ input
• LR_irq ? PC - 4, SPSR_irq ? CPSR
• PC ? 0x00000018, CPSR ? Interrupt I
• Return with SUBS pc, lr, 4
• Fast Interrupt Request
• Externally generated by asserting the processors
  FIQ input
• LR_fiq ? PC - 4, SPSR_fiq ? CPSR
• PC ? 0x0000001C, CPSR ? Fast Interrupt I F
• Return with SUBS pc, lr, 4
• Handler _at_0x1C speeds up the response time

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ARM Instruction Set
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Summary
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Condition Field (1/2)

• All ARM instructions can be conditionally
  executed, which means that their execution may or
  may not take place depending on the values of
  values of the N, C, C and V flags in the CPSR
• Every instruction contains a 4-bit condition code
  field in bits 31 to 28

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Condition Field (2/2)

• There are fifteen different conditions, each
  represented by a two-character suffix that can be
  appended to the instruction's mnemonic.
• A Branch (B in assembly) becomes BEQ for "Branch
  if Equal", which means the Branch will only be
  taken if the Z flag is set.

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Branch Instructions (1/2)

• All ARM Processors support a branch instruction
  that allows a conditional branch forwards or
  backwards up to 32Mbytes.
• As the Program Counter (PC) is one of the
  general-purpose registers (register 15), a branch
  or jump can also be generated by writing a value
  to register 15.
• A subroutine call is a variant of the standard
  branch, the Branch with Link instruction
  preserves the address of the instruction after
  the branch (the return address) in register 14
  (link register or LR).
• A load instruction provides a way to branch
  anywhere in the 4Gbyte address space. A 32-bit
  value is loaded directly from memory into the PC,
  causing a branch.
• The ARM7TDMI processor that support the Thumb
  instruction set also support a branch instruction
  (BX) that jumps to a given address, and
  optionally switches executing Thumb instructions.

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Branch Instructions (2/2)

• List of branch instructions
• B, BL Branch, and branch with link BX
  Branch and exchange instruction set
• Examples
• B label branch unconditionally to
  label BCC label branch to label if carry flag
  is clear BEQ label branch to label if
  zero flag is set MOV PC, 0 R15 0,
  branch to location zero BL func subroutine
  call to function
• func MOV PC, LR R15R14, return to instruction
  after the BL MOV LR, PC store the address of
  the instruction after the next one into R14
  LDR PC, func load a 32-bit value into the
  program counter

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Data Processing (1/2)

• ARM has 16 data processing instructions. Most
  data processing instructions take two source
  operands (Move and Move Not have only one
  operand) and store a result in a register (except
  for the Compare and Test instructions which only
  update the condition codes)
• Of the two source operands, one is always a
  register, the other is called a shifter operand,
  and is either an immediate value or a register.
  If the second operand is a register value, it may
  have a shift applied to it before it is used as
  the operand to the ALU

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Data Processing (2/2)

• List of data processing instructions

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Multiply Instructions (1/2)

• ARM has two classes of multiply instruction
• normal, 32-bit result
• long, 64-bit result
• All multiply instructions take two register
  operands as the input to the multiplier
• ARM does not directly support a multiply by
  constant instruction due to the efficiency of
  shift and add, or shift and reverse subtract
  instructions
• There are two multiply instructions that produce
  32-bit results
• MUL, multiplies the values of two registers
  together, truncates the result to 32 bits, and
  stores the result in a third register.
• MLA, multiplies the values of two registers
  together, adds the value of a third register,
  truncates the result to 32 bits, and stores the
  result into a fourth register (multiply and
  accumulate)
• MUL R4, R2, R1 Set R4 to value of R2
  multiplied by R1 MULS R4, R2, R1 R4 R2xR1,
  set N and Z flags MLA R7, R8, R9, R3 R7
  R8xR9 R3

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Multiply Instructions (2/2)

• There are four multiply instructions that produce
  64-bit results (long multiply)
• Two of the variants multiply the values of two
  registers together and store the 64-bit result in
  a third and fourth register. There are a signed
  (SMULL) and unsigned (UMULL) variants.
• The remaining two variants multiply the values of
  two registers together, add the 64-bit value from
  a third and fourth register and store the 64-bit
  result back into those registers (third and
  fourth). There are also signed (SMLAL) and
  unsigned (UMLAL) variants. These instructions
  perform a long multiply and accumulate
• SMULL R4, R8, R2, R3 R4 bits 0 to 31 of
  R2xR3 R8 bits 32 to 63 of R2 x
  R3UMULL R6, R8, R0, R1 R6, R8 R0 x
  R1UMLAL R5, R8, R0, R1 R5, R8 R0 x R1 R5,
  R8

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Load and Store Instructions (1/2)

• Load and store instruction come in three types
• load or store the value of a single register
• load and store multiple register values
• swap a register value with the value of a memory
  location
• Load and store single register
• Load register instructions can load a 32-bit
  word, a 16-bit halfword or an 8-bit byte from
  memory into a register.
• Store register instructions can store a 32-bit
  word, a 16-bit halfword or an 8-bit byte from a
  register to memory.
• List of load and store single register
• LDR/STR, Load/Store word
• LDRB/STRB, Load/Store byte
• LDRH/STRH, Load/Store unsigned halfword
• LDRSB, Load signed byte
• LDRSH, Load signed halfword

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Load and Store Instructions (2/2)

• Load and Store multiple registers
• Load and Store multiple instructions perform a
  block transfer of any number of the general
  purpose registers to or from memory
• Four addressing modes are provided
• pre-increment
• post-increment
• pre-decrement
• post-decrement
• List of load and store multiple instructions
• LDM, Load multiple
• STM, Store multiple
• Swap a register value with the value of a memory
  location
• Swap can load a value from a register-specified
  memory location, store the contents of a register
  to the same memory location, then write the
  loaded value to a register.
• List of semaphore instructions
• SWP, Swap
• SWPB, Swap Byte

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SWI Software Interrupt

• The Software Interrupt instruction enters
  supervisor mode in a controlled manner
• The instruction causes the software interrupt
  trap to be taken, which effects the mode change
• If the SWI vector address is suitably protected
  (by external memory management hardware) from
  modification by the user, a fully protected
  operating system may be constructed.
• The bottom 24 bits of the instruction are ignored
  by the processor, and may be used to communicate
  information to the supervisor code.

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THUMB Instruction Set
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Summary
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How Does Thumb Work ?

• The Thumb instruction set is a subset of the ARM
  instruction set, optimized for code density.
• Almost every Thumb instructions have an ARM
  instructions equivalent
• ADD Rd, Offset8 ltgt ADDS Rd, Rd, Offset8
• Inline expansion of Thumb Instruction to ARM
  Instruction
• Real time decompression
• Thumb instructions are not actually executed on
  the core
• The core needs to know whether it is reading
  Thumb instructions or ARM instructions.
• Core has two execution states - ARM and Thumb
• Core does not have a mixed 16 and 32 bit
  instruction set.

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Thumb Instruction Set Decompression
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Branch Instructions

• Thumb supports four types of branch instruction
• an unconditional branch that allows a forward or
  backward branch of up to 2Kbytes
• a conditional branch to allow forward and
  backward branches of up to 256 bytes
• a branch with link is supported with a pair of
  instructions that allow forward and backwards
  branches of up to 4Mbytes
• a branch and exchange instruction branches to an
  address in a register and optionally switches to
  ARM code execution
• List of branch instructions
• B conditional branch
• B unconditional branch
• BL Branch with link
• BX Branch and exchange instruction set

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Data Processing Instructions

• Thumb data-processing instructions are a subset
  of the ARM data-processing instructions
• All Thumb data-processing instructions set the
  condition codes
• List of data-processing instructions
• ADC, Add with Carry
• ADD, Add
• AND, Logical AND
• ASR, Arithmetic shift right
• BIC, Bit clear
• CMN, Compare negative
• CMP, Compare
• EOR, Exclusive OR
• LSL, Logical shift left
• LSR, Logical shift right

• MOV, Move
• MUL, Multiply
• MVN, Move NOT
• NEG, Negate
• ORR, Logical OR
• ROR, Rotate Right
• SBC, Subtract with Carry
• SUB, Subtract
• TST, Test

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Load and Store Register Instructions

• Thumb supports 8 types of load and store register
  instructions
• List of load and store register instructions
• LDR Load word
• LDRB Load unsigned byte
• LDRH Load unsigned halfword
• LDRSB Load signed byte
• LDRSH Load signed halfword
• STR Store word
• STRB Store byte
• STRH Store halfword

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Load and Store Multiple Instructions

• Thumb supports four types of load and store
  multiple instructions
• Two (a load and store) are designed to support
  block copy
• The other two instructions (called PUSH and POP)
  implement a full descending stack, and the stack
  pointer is used as the base register
• List of load and store multiple instructions
• LDM Load multiple
• POP Pop multiple
• PUSH Push multiple
• STM Store multiple

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ARM vs THUMB
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Code size

• Generally, routines in THUMB code are between 65
  and 70 the size of the equivalent ARM code.

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Code performances vs Memory width
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Arm Instruction Set Advantages

• All instructions are 32 bits long.
• Most instructions are executed in one single
  cycle.
• Every instructions can be conditionally executed.
• A load/store architecture
• Data processing instructions act only on
  registers
• Three operand format
• Combined ALU and shifter for high speed bit
  manipulation
• Specific memory access instructions with powerful
  auto-indexing addressing modes
• 32 bit ,16 bit and 8 bit data types
• Flexible multiple register load and store
  instructions

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Thumb Instruction Set Advantages

• All instructions are exactly 16 bits long to
  improve code density over other 32-bit
  architectures
• The Thumb architecture still uses a 32-bit core,
  with
• 32-bit address space
• 32-bit registers
• 32-bit shifter and ALU
• 32-bit memory transfer
• Gives....
• Long branch range
• Powerful arithmetic operations
• Large address space