AIM: What are some causes of disease?

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AIM What are some causes of disease?

• Do Now Give an example of how an environmental
  factor could lead to disease. How could a
  pathogen lead to disease?
• Vocabulary disease, pathogen, Kochs Postulates,
  germ theory of disease, microorganism, infectious
  disease
• Have out HW pg1033 ques 1,2,4,5,6
• Results and Discussion Section due to
  turnitin.com by Tuesday 12/23 at 1159pm
• New York Times Article Summary due Monday 1/5/09
  on Multiple Sclerosis!

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The Germ Theory of Disease
Ebola virus
Robert Koch
Louis Pasteur
Anthrax bacillus
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Agents of Disease Pg 1031
Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms.
These germs (pathogens) include viruses,
bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Give an example
of diseases caused by each.
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Kochs Postulates (page 1030)

• The pathogen is always found in a sick organism
  and is not found in a healthy one.
• The pathogen must be isolated and grown in the
  laboratory in pure culture (only that pathogen).
  Why?
• When the purified pathogens are placed in a new
  host, they should cause the same disease that
  infected the original host.
• The injected pathogen should be reisolated from
  the second host and should be identical to the
  original pathogen.

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Figure 40-2 Allen Steeres Experiment (pgs.
1029-30)

• What disease was Steeres research group studying
  in 1975?
• What symptoms did the affected children in Lyme,
  Connecticut exhibit?
• What preceded the symptoms in many of the
  children?
• How did Steere and his research group follow
  Kochs Postulates in their investigation? Give
  at least two examples, and refer to the specific
  postulates that were followed.
• What is a toxin? What is a vector?

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Aim What are the bodys non-specific and
specific defenses against infection?

• Do Now What is the first line of defense for
  the body? The second?
• Hand in New York Times Article Summaries
• HW due tomorrow see Syllabus!
• Change in Schedule Final Paper due January 13th
  at 1159pm

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Defenses

• Non-Specific Defenses
• First Line of Defense
• Skin mucous membranes
• Lysozyme (enzyme that breaks down cell walls of
  bacteria contained in sweat, tears, mucus,
  saliva)
• Second Line of Defense
• Inflammatory response
• Phagocytes (WBCs)

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The First Line of Defense The Skin
The Inflammatory Response
Wound
Skin
Bacteria enter the wound
Phagocytes move into the area and engulf the
bacteria and cell debris
Capillary
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Specific Defenses The Immune Response

• Lymphocytes (WBCs)
• B cells
• T cells
• Humoral Immunity
• Antibodies (proteins) produced by B cells flag
  the pathogen
• Cell-Mediated Immunity
• Helper T cells
• Cytotoxic (Killer) T cells

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Questions for Review

• If you eat food that contains bacteria, which
  nonspecific defenses help protect your body from
  illness?
• What sequence of events take place during the
  inflammatory response?
• For each defensive strategy of the inflammatory
  response, state specifically how this helps
  prevent and/or destroy infection.

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Aim What are the two types of specific immune
responses?

• Do Now How does a specific immune response
  differ from a nonspecific immune response? What
  is the difference between an antigen and an
  antibody?
• Vocabulary antigen, immune response, humoral
  immunity, antibody, cell-mediated immunity,
  permanent (acquired) immunity, vaccine, passive
  immunity, active immunity, lymphocytes, B cells,
  T cells
• HW due today! Pg 1040 ques 1, 3, 4, 5
• Final Paper due next Tuesday at 1159pm!
• Project due next Wednesday! Be here between 715
  and 730! Not after that!

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How does the body recognize a pathogen as foreign?

• Antigens
• Molecule on a pathogen that triggers an immune
  response
• Recognized as non-self

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Antibodies Proteins produced by B cells in the
humoral immune response
Antigen-binding sites
Antigen
Antibody
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Aim What are the two types of specific immune
responses?

• Do Now What are the two main goals of humoral
  immunity?
• Vocabulary antigen, immune response, humoral
  immunity, antibody, cell-mediated immunity,
  permanent (acquired) immunity, vaccine, passive
  immunity, active immunity, lymphocytes, B cells,
  T cells
• Read the Article in booklets called Virus
  Hunters. Answer all the Questions on loose leaf
  that follow. BE PREPARED TO DISCUSS IN CLASS!
• Final Paper due next Tuesday at 1159pm!
• Project due next Wednesday! Be here between 715
  and 730! Not after that!
• Place your name on the Back of your project board
  so that it can be seen easily!

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(No Transcript)
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Pg. 1038
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Review Questions

• How do antibodies help in the immune response?
• What is the role of helper T cells in the humoral
  immune response? In the cell-mediated immune
  response?
• What do you think would happen if your helper T
  cells were disabled for some reason?
• How are humoral and cell-mediated immunity
  similar? How are they different?
• Which pathogens are eukaryotic? Prokaryotic? What
  are some diseases that these pathogens cause?

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Aim What are the disorders of the immune
system?

• Do Now What is Active Immunity?
• Vocabulary antigen, immune response, humoral
  immunity, antibody, cell-mediated immunity,
  permanent (acquired) immunity, vaccine, passive
  immunity, active immunity, lymphocytes, B cells,
  T cells
• Read the Article in booklets called Virus
  Hunters. Answer all the Questions on loose leaf
  that follow. BE PREPARED TO DISCUSS IN CLASS!
• Final Paper due next Tuesday at 1159pm!
• Project due next Wednesday! Be here between 715
  and 730! Not after that!
• Place your name on the Back of your project board
  so that it can be seen easily!

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Edward Jenner and the Smallpox Vaccine
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Active Immunity
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What is Passive Immunity?

• Receiving antibodies from another organism
• Example Antibodies past from mother to baby in
  breast milk
• TEMPORARY IMMUNITY

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Types of Autoimmune Diseases
Type 1 Diabetes
Multiple Sclerosis
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Aim What are some problems of the immune system?

• Do Now What is an autoimmune disease? Give two
  examples.
• Have out Homework
• Final Paper due next Tuesday at 1159pm!
• Project due next Wednesday! Be here between 715
  and 730! Not after that!
• Place your name on the Back of your project board
  so that it can be seen easily!
• Final Exam on 1/21

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Think, Pair, Share

• Is the rejection of an organ transplant an
  example of an immune system disorder? EXPLAIN
  your answer!

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More problems with the immune system

• Define Allergies and Asthma
• Create a list of people you know and what they
  are allergic to
• Create a list of symptoms associated with
  allergic reactions

A Mast Cell
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Activity

• True Scenario Tevor, a three year old, broke out
  in a skin rash after spending time on the toddler
  rides at a local amusement park.
• Hypothesize what the allergen may have been.
• Explain in detail how the immune system responds
  to the presence of allergens in the body. Make
  reference to Mast Cells and Histamines

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Allergic Reactions
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Asthma
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Animation

• http//video.about.com/allergies/Antihistamines.ht
  m

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Summary Question

• How is an allergy different from an autoimmune
  disease?