History of Forensic Science

1
History of Forensic Science

• Part 4

2
History of Forensic Science

• In 1930 May published The identification of
  knives, tools and instruments, a positive
  science, in The American Journal of Police
  Science.

3
History of Forensic Science

• (1920s) Calvin Goddard perfected the comparison
  microscope for use in bullet comparison.

4
History of Forensic Science

• 1921 John Larson and Leonard Keeler designed the
  portable polygraph.

5
History of Forensic Science

• 1923 In Frye v. United States, polygraph test
  results were ruled inadmissible.
• The federal ruling introduced the concept of
  general acceptance and stated that polygraph
  testing did not meet that criterion.

6
History of Forensic Science

• 1924 August Vollmer, as chief of police in Los
  Angeles, California, implemented the first U.S.
  police crime laboratory.

7
History of Forensic Science

• 1926 The case of Sacco and Vanzetti, which took
  place in Bridgewater, Massachusetts, was
  responsible for popularizing the use of the
  comparison microscope for bullet comparison.
• Calvin Goddards conclusions were upheld when the
  evidence was reexamined in 1961.

8
History of Forensic Science

• 1929 Calvin Goddards work on the St. Valentines
  day massacre led to the founding of the
  Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory on the
  campus of Northwestern University, Evanston,
  Illinois.

9
History of Forensic Science

• 1930 American Journal of Police Science was
  founded and published by the staff of Goddards
  Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory in Chicago.
  
• In 1932, it was absorbed by Journal of Criminal
  Law and Criminology, becoming the Journal of
  Criminal Law, Criminology and police science.

10
History of Forensic Science

• 1932 The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
  crime laboratory was created.

11
History of Forensic Science

• 1935 Frits Zernike, a Dutch physicist, invented
  the first interference contrast microscope, a
  phase contrast microscope, an achievement for
  which he won the Nobel prize in 1953.

12
History of Forensic Science

• 1937 Walter Specht, at the University Institute
  for Legal Medicine and Scientific Criminalistics
  in Jena, Germany, developed the chemiluminescent
  reagent luminol as a presumptive test for blood.

13
History of Forensic Science

• 1937 Paul Kirk assumed leadership of the
  criminology program at the University of
  California at Berkeley. In 1945, he formalized a
  major in technical criminology.

14
History of Forensic Science

• 1941 Murray Hill of Bell Labs initiated the study
  voiceprint identification. The technique was
  refined by L.G. Kersta.

15
History of Forensic Science

• 1950 August Vollmer, chief of police of Berkeley,
  California, established the school of criminology
  at the University of California at Berkeley.

16
History of Forensic Science

• 1950 Max Frei-Sulzer, founder of the first Swiss
  criminalistics laboratory, developed the tape
  lift method of collecting trace evidence.

17
History of Forensic Science

• 1954 R. F. Borkenstein, captain of the Indiana
  State Police, invented the Breathalyzer for field
  sobriety testing.

18
History of Forensic Science

• 1974 The detection of gunshot residue (GSR) using
  scanning electron microscopy with electron
  dispersive X-rays (SEMEDX) technology was
  developed.

19
History of Forensic Science

• 1975 The Federal Rules of Evidence, originally
  promulgated by the U.S. Supreme Court, were
  enacted as a congressional statute.
• They are based on the relevancy standard in which
  scientific evidence that is deemed more
  prejudicial than probative may not be admitted.

20
History of Forensic Science

• 1977 Fuseo Matsumur, a trace evidence examiner
  from Japan, notices his own fingerprints
  developing on microscope slides while mounting
  hairs from a murder case.
• He relates the information to co-worker Masato
  Soba, a latent print examiner. Soba would later
  that year be the first to develop latent prints
  intentionally by Superglue fuming.

21
History of Forensic Science

• 1977 The FBI introduced the beginnings of its
  Automated Fingerprint Identification System
  (AFIS) with the first computerized scans of
  fingerprints.

22
History of Forensic Science

• 1984 Sir Alec Jeffreys developed the first DNA
  profiling test.
• He published his findings in 1985.

23
History of Forensic Science

• 1986 In the first use of DNA to solve a crime,
  Jeffreys used DNA profiling to identify Colin
  Pitchfork as the murderer of two young girls in
  the English Midlands.
• Significantly, in the course of the
  investigation, DNA was first used to exonerate an
  innocent suspect.

24
History of Forensic Science

• 1986 In People v. Pestinikas, Edward Blake first
  used PCR-based DNA testing, to confirm different
  autopsy samples to be from the same person.
• The evidence was accepted by a civil court. This
  was also the first use of any kind of DNA testing
  in the United States

25
History of Forensic Science

• 1987 DNA profiling was introduced for the first
  time in a U.S. criminal court. Based on DNA
  analysis Tommy Lee Andrews was convicted of a
  series of sexual assaults in Orlando, Florida.

26
History of Forensic Science

• 1987 New York v. Castro was the first case in
  which the admissibility of DNA was seriously
  challenged.
• It set in motion a string of events that
  culminated in a call for certification,
  accreditation, standardization, and quality
  control guidelines for both DNA laboratories and
  the general forensic community.

27
History of Forensic Science

• 1991 Walsh Automation Inc., in Montreal, launched
  development of an automated imaging system called
  the Integrated Ballistics Identification System,
  or IBIS, for comparison of the marks left on
  fired bullets, cartridge cases, and shell
  casings.
• This system was subsequently developed for the
  U.S. market in collaboration with the Bureau of
  Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF).

28
History of Forensic Science

• 1992 The FBI contracted with Mnemonic Systems to
  develop Drugfire, an automated imaging system to
  compare marks left on cartridge cases and shell
  casings.
• The ability to compare fired bullets was
  subsequently added.

29
History of Forensic Science

• 1993 In Daubert et al. v. Merrell Dow, a U.S.
  federal court relaxed the Frye standard for
  admission of scientific evidence and conferred on
  the judge a gatekeeping role.

30
History of Forensic Science

• 1996 The FBI introduced computerized searches of
  the AFIS fingerprint database.
• Live scan and card scan devices allowed
  interdepartmental submissions

31
History of Forensic Science

• 1998 An FBI DNA database, NIDIS, enabling
  interstate cooperation in linking crimes, was put
  into practice.

32
History of Forensic Science

• 1999 The FBI upgraded its computerized
  fingerprint database and implemented the
  Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification
  System (IAFIS), allowing paperless submission,
  storage, and search capabilities directly to the
  national database maintained at the FBI.

33
History of Forensic Science

• 2006 A new technology developed by a University
  of Sheffield team of researchers which allows
  fingerprint images to be compressed and
  transmitted via mobile phones is approved for use
  in British police forces.

34
Detection in the 21st Century

• As research advances, it enables the production
  of smaller, less expensive, more accurate, more
  sensitive, portable, more robust, fast sensors
  for detecting even trace forensic samples. 

35
Detection in the 21st Century

• It will also allow analytical data to be
  extracted, analyzed remotely and matches obtained
  in databases from scenes of crime more quickly
  than has ever been possible before.