FORENSIC SCIENCE

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Fingerprints
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History of Fingerprints

• Chinese records from the 221-206 BC included
  details about using handprints as evidence during
  burglary investigations.  

Chinese clay seals bearing friction ridges
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Objectives, continued

• You will be able to
• Define the three basic properties that allow
  individual identification by fingerprints.
• Obtain an inked, readable fingerprint for each
  finger.
• Recognize the general ridge patterns (loops,
  whorls, and arches).
• Identify friction ridge characteristics and
  compare two fingerprints with at least ten points
  of identification.
• Explain the differences among latent, plastic,
  and visible fingerprints.
• Develop latent prints (make them visible) using
  physical and chemical methods.

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Objectives

• You will understand
• Why fingerprints are individual evidence.
• Why there may be no fingerprint evidence at a
  crime scene.
• How computers have made personal identification
  easier.

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Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints

• What is a fingerprint?
• An imprint made by the ridge patterns on the tip
  or last joint of a persons finger.
• What is the purpose of ridge patterns?
• Provides a better grip
• Makes perspiration easier on hairless surface
• Improves the sense of touch (heightened
  sensitivity)

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Properties that make fingerprints useful for
identification

• A fingerprint is an individual because it has
  unique characteristic ridges.
• A fingerprint remains unchanged during an
  individuals lifetime.
• Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge
  patterns that permit them to be systematically
  classified.

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Anatomy of fingerprints

• Fingerprints consist of ridges and grooves
• Fingerprints are unique because the patterns made
  by friction ridges are not genetically
  controlled.
• Any attempts to chemically or physically erase
  the epidermal layer of fingerprints will only
  result in pain because the original layer will
  soon grow back.
• Initially fingerprints consist mostly of water,
  but after evaporation what is left behind is made
  up of salt and organic matter such as amino
  acids, lipids and vitamins.

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Dactyloscopy The Study of Fingerprints

• History from 1850 to 1900
• William Herschelrequired Indians to put their
  fingerprints on contracts, and used fingerprints
  as a means of identifying prisoners
• Henry Fauldsclaimed that fingerprints did not
  change over time and that they could be
  classified for identification. He was the first
  person to use fingerprints to solve a crime
• Alphonse Bertillonproposed body measurements as
  a means of identification termed anthropometry
• Francis Galtondeveloped a primary classification
  scheme based on loops, arches, and whorls. He
  showed that a persons fingerprint remained the
  same from birth until death, no two fingerprints
  are the same, and that fingerprints cannot be
  altered.

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Dactyloscopy The Study of Fingerprints

• History from 1850 to 1900
• Edward Richard Henryin collaboration with
  Galton, instituted a numerical classification
  system
• Juan Vucetichdeveloped a fingerprint file
  (database) based on Galtons system
• Mark Twain (Samuel L Clemens)
• In Mark Twain's book, "Life on the
  Mississippi", a murderer was identified by the
  use of fingerprint identification. In a later
  book, "Pudd'n Head Wilson", there was a dramatic
  court trial on fingerprint identification. 

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Dactyloscopy The Study of Fingerprints

• History from 1850 to 1900
• 1863 - Coulier 
• Professor Paul-Jean Coulier, published his
  observations that (latent) fingerprints can be
  developed on paper by iodine fuming
• explains how to preserve (fix) such developed
  impressions and mentions the potential for
  identifying suspects' fingerprints by use of a
  magnifying glass.

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• Recording and classifying prints
• Recording-Rolling inked prints
• classification-Loops, whorls, arches, ridge
• characteristics
• Henry Classification- Primary identification
  number

Lifting prints Black, white, and fluorescent
powder Chemicalsninhydrin, iodine, silver
nitrate, cyanoacrylate Other types of
prints Palm, lip, teeth, eye, ear, voice,
shoeprints, and footprints
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Ridge Characteristics

• Minutiaecharacteristics of ridge patterns

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Fingerprint Minutiae
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Arch

• Least common and simplest type of fingerprint.
• An arch has friction ridges that enter on one
  side of the finger and cross to the other side
  while rising upward in the middle.
• They do NOT have type lines, deltas, or cores.
• Types
• Plain
• Tented

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Loop

• A loop must have one or more ridges entering and
  exiting from the same side.
• Loops must have one delta (triangular area).
• Loops also have a core near the center of the
  pattern
• Types
• Radialopens toward the thumb
• Ulnaropens toward the pinky (little finger)
• Which type of loop is this, if it is on the right
  hand? Left hand?
• Without knowing which hand made the print one
  cannot determine if it is ulnar or radial (ulnar
  loops are more common)

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Whorl

• Whorls have at least two deltas and a core
• A plain or central pocket whorl has at least one
  ridge that makes a complete circuit.
• A double loop is made of two loops.
• An accidental is a pattern not covered by other
  categories..
• Types
• Plain
• Central pocket
• Double loop
• Accidental

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Types of Whorl
Plain
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Types of Whorl
Plain
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Primary Classification
The Henry-FBI Classification System Each finger
is given a point value.
right
left
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Primary Classification, continued

• Assign the number of points for each finger
  that has a whorl and substitute into the equation

right right left left left
index ring thumb middle little 1

right right right left left
thumb middle little index ring 1
That number is your primary classification number.
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Comparison

• Dactyloscopy The Study of Fingerprints
• There are no legal requirements in the United
  States on the number of points required for a
  match.
• Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12
  points of similarity.

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Latent Prints

• Latent fingerprints are those that are not
  visible to the naked eye. These prints consist of
  the natural secretions of human skin and require
  development for them to become visible.
• Most secretions come from three glands
• Eccrinesecretes largely water, with both
  inorganic (ammonia, chlorides, metal ions,
  phosphates) and organic (amino acids, lactic
  acids, urea, sugars) compounds. Most important
  for fingerprints.
• Apocrinesecretes pheromones and other organic
  materials.
• Sebaceoussecretes fatty or greasy substances.

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Developing Latent Prints

• Developing a print requires substances that
  interact with secretions, causing the print to
  stand out against its background. It may be
  necessary to attempt more than one technique,
  done in a particular order so as not to destroy
  the print.

• Powdersadhere to both water and fatty deposits.
  Choose a color
• to contrast with the background.
• Iodinefumes react with oils and fats to produce
  a
• temporary yellow-brown color.

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Developing Latent Prints, continued

• Ninhydrinreacts with amino acids to produce a
  purple color.
• Silver nitratereacts with chloride to form
  silver chloride, a material that turns gray
  when exposed to light.
• Cyanoacrylatesuperglue fumes react with water
  and other fingerprint constituents to form a
  hard, whitish deposit.
• In modern labs and criminal investigations,
  lasers and alternative light sources are used to
  view latent fingerprints. These were first used
  by the FBI in 1978. Since lasers can damage the
  retina of the eye, special precautions must be
  taken.

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Iodine Fingerprint
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Ninhydrin Fingerprint
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Cyanoacrylate Fingerprints
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Other Prints

• Lipsseveral common patterns
• Voiceelectronic pulses measured on a
  spectrograph
• Footsize of foot and toes friction ridges on
  the foot
• Shoescan be compared and identified by type of
  shoe, brand, size, year of purchase, and wear
  pattern

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Other Prints, continued

• Palmfriction ridges can be identified and may be
  used against suspects

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Other Prints, continued

• Footprints are taken at birth as a means of
  identification of infants.

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Other Prints, continued
Earprint catches murderer

• A man has been convicted of suffocating an eldery
  woman on the basis of earprint evidence. The
  assailant was caught after police matched the
  inprint of his ear on the victims window. Police
  believe that the thief put his ear to the window
  to listen for signs of anyone home.

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Other Prints, continued

• Teethbite marks are unique and can be used to
  identify suspects. These imprints were placed in
  gum and could be matched to crime scene evidence.

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Other Prints, continued

• The blood vessel patterns in the eye may be
  unique to individuals. They are used today for
  various security purposes.

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AFIS

• The Automated Fingerprint Identification Systema
  computer system for storing and retrieving
  fingerprints
• Established in the 1970s, AFIS enables law
  enforcement officials to
• Search large files for a set of prints taken
  from an individual
• Compare a single print, usually a latent print
  developed from a crime scene
• By the 1990s, most large jurisdictions had their
  own system in place. The problem A persons
  fingerprints may be in one AFIS database but not
  in others.
• IAFISthe FBIs Integrated Automated Fingerprint
  Identification System, which is a national
  database of all 10-print cards from all over the
  country

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Biometrics

• Use of some type of body metrics for the purpose
  of identification. (The Bertillon system may
  actually have been the first biometry system.)
• Used today in conjunction with AFIS.
• Examples include retinal or iris patterns, voice
  recognition, hand geometry.
• Other functions for biometrics can be used to
  control entry or access to computers or other
  structures can identify a person for security
  purposes can help prevent identity theft or
  control social services fraud.

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More about Prints

• For additional information about prints and
  crime, check out truTVs Crime Library
• www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/forensics/finge
  rprints/1.html

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Dactyloscopy The Study of Fingerprints

• History from 1850 to 1900
• William Herschelrequired Indians to put their
  fingerprints on contracts, and used fingerprints
  as a means of identifying prisoners
• Henry Fauldsclaimed that fingerprints did not
  change over time and that they could be
  classified for identification. He was the first
  person to use fingerprints to solve a crime
• Alphonse Bertillonproposed body measurements as
  a means of identification termed anthropometry
• Francis Galtondeveloped a primary classification
  scheme based on loops, arches, and whorls. He
  showed that a persons fingerprint remained the
  same from birth until death, no two fingerprints
  are the same, and that fingerprints cannot be
  altered.

43
Dactyloscopy The Study of Fingerprints

• History from 1850 to 1900
• Edward Richard Henryin collaboration with
  Galton, instituted a numerical classification
  system
• Juan Vucetichdeveloped a fingerprint file
  (database) based on Galtons system
• Mark Twain (Samuel L Clemens)
• In Mark Twain's book, "Life on the
  Mississippi", a murderer was identified by the
  use of fingerprint identification. In a later
  book, "Pudd'n Head Wilson", there was a dramatic
  court trial on fingerprint identification. 

44
Dactyloscopy The Study of Fingerprints

• History from 1850 to 1900
• 1863 - Coulier 
• Professor Paul-Jean Coulier, published his
  observations that (latent) fingerprints can be
  developed on paper by iodine fuming
• explains how to preserve (fix) such developed
  impressions and mentions the potential for
  identifying suspects' fingerprints by use of a
  magnifying glass.

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Ridge Characteristics

• Minutiaecharacteristics of ridge patterns

• Ridge ending
• Island or
• short ridge
• Bridge
• Eye or enclosure
• Delta
• Bifurcation or fork
• Dot
• Spur
• Double bifurcation
• Trifurcation

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• Identify each fingerprint type

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Pre-lab questions

• What did law enforcement officials rely in the
  early 1800s in order to identify known
  criminals?
• What pieces of data did Bertillion use in order
  to create a unique classification/identification
  for an individual?
• Which incident rendered the Bertillion system of
  classification as an unreliable means of uniquely
  identifying an individual?

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Pre-lab questions

• What allows fingerprints to be a more reliable
  method of identifying a criminal?
• What are some other parts of the body that can
  make distinctive marks that can be used to
  identify a criminal?

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Post lab questions

• Was your data identical to any one else in the
  class?
• Based on your lab result, would you consider this
  a reliable method to conclusive identify a
  criminal? Explain your answer
• What are two advantages of using this method?
• What are two disadvantages of using this method?

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BSO response questions

1. Which layer of skin would you have to cut through
   to permanently alter your fingerprint?
2. fingerprints that are visible to the naked eyes
   are known as ___________prints, while those that
   are hidden are known as ______ prints.
3. What method would be required to process a
   visible print that was left behind by greasy
   fingers?
4. Give the name of a famous bank robber who
   attempted to alter his fingerprints.

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BSO response questions

• 5. What is the criteria for determining the order
  of the method used to process latent prints?
• 6. How would you determine what type of powder
  works best for a given surface?
• 7. In the case with the check fraud, how was the
  fingerprint examiner able to identify that the
  fingerprint being used was a fake?

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BSO response questions

• 8. Print A (top image) would be classified as
• Latent B. patent C. plastic
• 9. Print B would be classified as
• Latent B Patent C. Plastic
• Please give a explanation for answer choice.