The Renaissance 1485-1660

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The Renaissance1485-1660

• French word meaning
• re-birth
• Refers to a renewed interest
• in classical learning or the
• writings of Greece and Rome
• Began in Italy

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Previously, during theMiddle Ages

• Scholars used Latin instead of Greek
• Most people were illiterate
• Most text was church doctrine
• Most people in Europe and
• Britain were Roman Catholic,
• so the church was rich and
• powerful, even in political affairs

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Renaissance Person

• Energetic and productive
• Interested in science, literature, history, art,
  etc
• Personal renewal of the human
• spirit

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Humanism

• Intellectual movement of writers and artists
• Used old Latin and Greek classics to answer such
  questions as
• What is a human being?
• What is a good life?
• How do I lead a good life?
• Christianity answered these, but
• humanists sought to harmonize
• the Bible and the classics

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cont.

• Humanists recovered copies of
• ancient writings in Italian monasteries
• They became teachers so the young could become
  wise and virtuous rulers
• Education was not to produce scholars but to
  prepare students to perform justly, skillfully,
  and magnanimously all the offices both private
  and public, of peace and war.

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Printing Press

• Johannes Gutenberg printed the first book, a
  Latin Bible, at Mainz, Germany around 1455
• By 1476, printing reached England
• By 1500 inexpensive books were available
• William Caxton set up the first printing press in
  Westminster
• Now commoners had access to written material

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The Reformation

• Reformers rejected authority of pope
• English resented financial burdens imposed by
  Vatican, the pope, in Italy
• Martin Luther (1483-1546) founded new
  Christianity, not from what the pope said, but a
  personal understanding
• Beginning of the Lutheran Church (Anglican,
  Calvinist, Anabaptist faiths) creating
  Protestants (Methodist, Episcopal, Presbyterians)
• or anyone against the Catholic Church
• Caused Pope Paul III to convene the Council of
  Trent to investigate selling of indulgences,
  religious pardons, abuses

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Henry VIII

• Pope Clement VII would not divorce Henry VIII
  from his Spanish wife, Catherine of Aragon, even
  though she had been married to his deceased
  brother Arthur, because Catherines nephew, the
  emperor of Spain, controlled the pope
• She had given him a princess, but not a male heir
• He wished to marry Anne Boleyn, he had seduced
  her sister earlier
• Declared himself head of the English Church
  appointed a new archbishop of Canterbury who
  granted the divorce, but Catherine wouldnt
  accept it
• Henry then closed the monasteries and sold the
  buildings to his subjects

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Henry VIIIs family

• The 5 Tudor (name given to an architectural
  style) rulers of England Henry VII, Henry VIII
  and 3 of his children
• Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour,
  Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine
  Parr
• Divorced, beheaded, died,
• Divorced, beheaded, survived.
• Children Mary, daughter of the Spanish princess,
  Catherine of Aragon Elizabeth, daughter of Anne
  Boleyn and Edward, son of Jane Seymour

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Henry VIIIs Children

• Edward VI , son of Jane Seymour, became king at
  age 9
• Mary, a devout Catholic, who wanted to avenge her
  mothers, Catherine of Aragon, wrongs restored
  the popes power in England and hunted
  Protestants, burning about 300 at the stake,
  giving her the name Bloody Mary
• Queen Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn

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Queen Elizabeth

• Brilliant Successful monarch
• Restored law and order
• Re-estalished the Church of England and rejected
  the popes authority (she was excommunicated by
  the pope)
• Pretended that she might marry her widowed
  brother-in-law, King Philip, to keep Spain
  appeased
• The Virgin Queen
• To be a king and wear a crown is more glorious
  to them that see it than it is pleasure to them
  that bear it

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Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots

• Queen Elizabeths cousin, not Bloody Mary
• Had a French mother and Henry VIIIs nephew,
  James V, was her father
• Married young to Francis II of France
• She returned to Scotland after her husbands
  death to claim the throne
• Elizabeth had her beheaded at Fotheringay
• Caused Spain to invade England with the Spanish
  Armada
• The Royal Navy defeated Spain

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James VI of Scotland

• Became king after Queen Elizabeth
• Only son of Mary, Queen of Scots
• Became James I of England because he was the
  first James to rule England
• His reign is called the Jacobean Period -Jacobus
  is Latin for James
• Favored divine right of kings, was against
  tobacco, patronized Shakespeare
• He sponsored a new translation of the Bible The
  King James Version

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End of the Renaissance

• Charles I followed his fathers rule, but was
  beheaded
• England was ruled by Parliament and the Puritan
  dictator, Oliver Cromwell
• Political climate changed after Queen Elizabeths
  death

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Major People from the Renaissance

• Leonardo da Vinci known for the Mona Lisa
  sfumato, an artistic style scientific study of
  water movement human anatomy engineer who
  designed planes military machines drew the
  human figure in circular proportions
• Michelangelo painted the Biblical scenes on the
  Sistine Chapel in Rome architect of St. Peters
  Basilica in Rome wrote poetry sculpted the 17
  tall marble figure of David
• Sir Thomas More inspired the literary genre of
  the utopian novel and distopia
• Christopher Wren architect who designed St.
  Pauls Cathedral and others
• Menasseh ben Israel founded the modern Jewish
  community
• Galileo developed the Copernican view that the
  earth revolved around the sun
• Gerardus Mercator first flat map of the round
  earth
• Johannes Kepler discovers that the orbits of the
  planets are elliptical

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Fashions of the Renaissance

• They displayed their new costumes from 10 to 12
  noon, strolling up and down the center aisle of
  St. Pauls Church. They insisted on rich
  fabrics velvet, taffeta, gold brocade, and fur.
  They wore the finest silk stocking and cork
  platform shoes. They curled their hair, perfumed
  their gloves, and (if daring) wore makeup. They
  showed off favorite jewels in earrings,
  bracelets, and designs sewn all over their
  clothes. The men in the Renaissance were
  peacocks indeed!
• Hoop skirts, farthingales, were 4 at the hips
  with stomachers, ribbed bones, to pull the
  womens bodies into rigid tightness
• Men had peascod bellies, goose bellies, begun in
  Spain, to create a big belly by stuffing
  horsehair into doublets
• Colors designs had symbolic meaning
• Green meant love, white tawny showed patience
  in adversity, a pansy represented sadness, a
  snake flattery, and so on

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Historical Connections

• Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
• Silk and textile industry flourished in China,
  and trade with the far east, across the Silk
  Route, brought to Europe the growing use of
  elaborate costumes.
• In Elizabethan England, a persons costume
  revealed whether he or she was wealthy or noble
• In China, the decoration or embroidery on a robe
  revealed the wearers rank and social status