The Evolution of Psychology

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The Evolution of Psychology
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Course Outline

• I. History and Approaches (Chapter 1) 2-4
• A. Logic, Philosophy, and History of Science
• B. Approaches
• -Historical approaches structuralist,
  functionalist, psychodynamic, humanistic
• -Other approaches Biological, behavioral,
  cognitive, sociocultural, evolutionary
• Essential Questions
• Why should we study psychology?
• How did the study of psychology develop?

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(Spiral) Psychologys Roots
Physiological psychology is, therefore, first of
all psychology. Wilhelm Wundt

• Read pgs. 2-6. Name and describe
• the first perspectives and scientists in each
  major respective psychological field. Your major
  words are
• structuralism,
• functionalism,
• psychoanalysis (search book)
• behaviorism,
• humanism, and
• cognitive neuroscience.

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Structuralism vs Functionalism

• Out of all of the historical schools of
  psychology, these are the most difficult to
  understand.
• Review structuralism and functionalism in your
  textbooks. Pay attention to key words.
• Role play the following situation with a partner
  focusing on key words. One of you will play the
  part of a structuralist. The other will play the
  part of a functionalist.
• Randolf becomes interested in burning and
  freezing sensations on his skin. He notices that
  the sensations are similar.
• What would a structuralist say to Randolf?
• What would a functionalist say to Randolf?

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Whos Who Activity Intro

• Match each quote or set of key words to each
  historical school of thought.
• Then match each psychologist to each quote or set
  of key words.
• USE YOUR BOOK AND LECTURE NOTES TO HELP YOU!
• Ready?!

Wilhelm Wundt The Father of Psychology
Stanley Hall behaviorist, founder of the APA
and Psychologys American nanny
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(Spiral) Whos Who Activity

• Psychoanalysis
• Humanism
• Functionalism
• Structuralism
• Behaviorism

• John B. Watson
• Wilhelm Wundt
• Sigmund Freud
• Edward Titchener
• William James
• Carl Rogers

• In my early professionals years I was asking the
  question How can I treat, or cure, or change
  this person? Now I would phrase the question in
  this way How can I provide a relationship which
  this person may use for his own personal growth?
  
• Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed,
  and my own specified world to bring them up in
  and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and
  train him to become any type of specialist I
  might select.
• Consciousness, basic elements, introspection,
  senses
• The greatest discovery of my generation is that
  human beings can alter their lives by altering
  their attitudes of mind.
• A man should not strive to eliminate his inner
  complexes but to get into accord with them they
  are legitimately what directs his conduct in the
  world.

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The arrival of modern psychology . . .
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What does modern psychology DO?

• It cant speak to issues like this
• Why should I live? Why should I do anything? Is
  there in life any purpose which the inevitable
  death that waits me does not undo and destroy?
• -Leo Tolstoy, famous Russian novelist
• Lighten up, Leo!
• It can address ideas such as these
• Knowledge transforms us . . . Learning
  psychologys findings also changes people They
  less often judge psychological disorders as moral
  failings, treatable by punishment and ostracism.
  They less often regard and treat women as mens
  mental inferiors. They less often view and rear
  children as ignorant, willful beasts in need of
  taming (Myers, 11)
• The Point Psych helps people understand each
  other.

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(spiral) Modern Psychological Perspectives

• Skill Cause/Effect. Myers pgs. 6-11.
• Make three columns. Write each gold term in the
  first column
• In the second column, write three facts about
  each of these modern types of psychology. You may
  include definitions, how each developed, and key
  concepts.
• In the third column, use critical analysis and
  the background information the text gives you to
  infer why each would be of use in our modern
  society.
• Here are the terms
• Biological and evolutionary perspectives
• Cognitive approach
• Sociocultural perspectives (cultural diversity),
• Basic research
• Applied psychology (research)
• Counseling psychology
• Clinical psychology,
• Psychiatry

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Put them together and what do you get?

• biopsychosocial approach an integrated approach
  that incorporates biological, psychological, and
  socio-cultural levels of analysis.

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A Birth in Psychology Visual

• Based on your reading, make a visual
• aid that explains how and why psychology or one
  of its perspectives came about. It must contain
  five facts.
• Present. As you hear people present, add to your
  visuals.

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(Spiral) FRQ Basics

• If you were to encounter a FRQ that asked you to
  write about _________, which three words/phrases
  would you include for certain?
• Structuralism
• Functionalism
• Psychoanalysis
• Behaviorism
• Humanism
• Cognition
• Biological Perspectives
• Evolutionary Perspectives

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FRQ Basics Ctd.

• If you were to encounter a FRQ that asked you to
  write about _________, which three words/phrases
  would you include for certain?
• Structuralism basic elements of consciousness,
  senses, introspection
• Functionalism consciousness, senses,
  adaptation, emotions
• Psychoanalysis unconscious, childhood, analysis,
  insight, defense mechanisms
• Behaviorism environment, observable behavior,
  stimulus, conditioning
• Humanism free will, growth, uniqueness, needs,
  potential
• Cognition thought processes, thinking, mind,
  problem solving, decision making, memory,
  language, structure/restructure
• Biological Perspectives brain, genetics,
  inheritance, nervous system, neurotransmitters,
  hormones
• Evolutionary Perspectives natural selection,
  adapt, fitness, survival, reproduction

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Careers in Pscyhology
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(Spiral) Psych Careers Workshop

• Set up a chart with these subtitles in your
  spiral
• Specialty Characteristics Education Work
  Locations (Salary) Misc.
• Begin by selecting four specialties from the list
  below
• Clinical/Counseling (includes private practice,
  MFT, drug counseling, and social work)
• Private Practice (4 sets of just about
  everything)
• Neuropsychology
• Marriage and Family Therapy
• Research Psychology
• School Psychology
• Business/Industrial Psychology
• Approach the desired workstation. No more that 7
  people at a time.
• Share the articles and information with whomever
  is at your workstation at the time to fill out
  your chart.
• Use A-1 through A-10 in the back of Myers to
  factually supplement your information. You may
  also use pgs. 9-11 for a briefer summary.

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(No Transcript)
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AP Quiz

• The Evolution of Psychology

Take it on a scratch piece of paper!
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Related Questions on AP Exam 1994 Released
Exam

• 41. Which of the following approaches to
  psychology emphasizes observable responses over
  inner experiences when accounting for behavior?
• A. Behaviorist
• B. Cognitive
• C. Existentialist
• D. Psychodynamic
• E. Structuralist
• 58. Which of the following statements is true of
  behaviorism?
• A. It was formulated to account for cognitive
  development.
• B. It is rooted in Sigmund Freuds view of the
  importance of early experiences.
• C. It focuses on the development of thought
  processes and knowledge.
• D. It hold that development is largely a product
  of learning.
• E. It emphasizes the dominance of heredity over
  environment.

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1999 Released Exam

• 7. One major objection to the early Skinnerian
  approach to psychology is that
• A.did not take into account internal thoughts and
  feelings.
• B. did not take into account overt physical
  behaviors.
• C. did not take into account accumulated
  experiences.
• D. focused primarily on childhood experiences.
• E. focused primarily on the unconscious.
• 40. An important difference between humanistic
  and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic
  psychologists believe in the importance of
• A. learning
• B. free will
• C. determinism
• D. biological instincts
• E. unconscious processes

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1999 Ctd.

• 57. Although Paul seems bright and capable to
  his parents and friends, he has been failing in
  school. Paul agrees to speak with a psychologist,
  who suggest that his problems stem from internal
  processes such as unrealistic expectations and
  negative thinking. The psychologist's view is
  typical of which of the following models of
  behavior?
• A. Psychoanalytic
• B. Humanistic
• C. Cognitive
• D. Sociobiological
• E. Behavioral
• 76. Which of the following therapeutic
  approaches is most likely to be criticized
  because it does not treat the underlying cause of
  the disorder?
• A. cognitive
• B. behavioral
• C. biological
• D. psychoanalytic
• E. phenomenological

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2004 Released Exam

• 2. Which type of psychologist would be primarily
  interested in studying whether people behave
  differently in groups than they do when alone?
• A. experimental
• B. cognitive
• C. developmental
• D. social
• E. clinical
• 5. Which of the following theoretical frameworks
  would argue most strongly that a healthy child
  will choose what is good for his or her growth?
• A. social learning theory
• B. psychoanalytic
• C. behavioral
• D. humanistic
• E. psychodynamic

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2004 Ctd.

• 18. A psychologist is attempting to get Wade, an
  8-year-old autistic boy, to make eye contact when
  she speaks to him. She gives Wade a piece of
  candy every time he looks at her face. This
  treatment illustrates which of the following
  therapeutic approaches?
• A. cognitive
• B. biological
• C. psychodynamic
• D. humanistic
• E. behavioral
• 45. John B. Watson was a pioneer in which of the
  following perspectives of psychology?
• A. biological
• B. functionalism
• C. psychoanalytic
• D. structuralism
• E. behaviorism

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2004 Ctd.

• 58. One perspective in clinical psychology
  proposes that adaptive and abnormal behaviors can
  be developed through similar processes. Which of
  the following terms best characterizes this
  approach to abnormal behavior?
• A. biological
• B. psychodynamic
• C. behavioral
• D. humanistic
• E. cognitive
• 76. A researcher studies the effects of brain
  lesions in rats. This research study reflects
  which of the following perspectives?
• A. cognitive
• B. biological
• C. behavioral
• D. humanistic
• E. psychodynamic

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2004 Ctd.

• 92. Which perspective views the human condition
  as a mixture of unconscious desires and
  conflicts?
• A. humanistic
• B. trait
• C. psychoanalytic
• D. behavioral
• E. cognitive

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2007 Released Exam

• 54. Dr. Williams is a therapist who believes
  that his clients depression is caused by
  internalized anger and other intrapsychic
  conflicts. Of which psychological perspective is
  Dr. Williams most likely a proponent?
• A. biopsychological
• B. Evolutionary
• C. Humanistic
• D. Behavioral
• E. psychoanalytic
• 62. Janet believes her brother Ralph is
  depressed because he has a distorted view of
  reality he has unrealistically negative
  thoughts. Which of the following theories comes
  closest to describing Janets orientation to
  abnormal behavior?
• A. biological
• B. psychodynamic
• C. behavioral
• D. systems
• E. cognitive

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2007 Ctd.

• 92. The quotation below is consistent with the
  views of which of the following schools of
  psychology?
• Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed,
  and my own specified world to bring them up in
  and Ill guarantee to take any one a random . .
  .
• A. existentialism
• B. structuralism
• C. humanism
• D. gestalt
• E. behaviorism

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FRQs and the History of Psych

• There havent been any FRQs on this subject in
  any released exam.

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Key to AP Quiz on the Evolution of Psychology

• 1994
• 41. A
• 58. D
• 1999
• 7. A
• 40. B
• 57. C
• 76. B

• 2004
• 2. D
• 5. D
• 18. E
• 45. E
• 58. C
• 76. B
• 92. C

• 2007
• E
• E
• 92. E