Chapter Eight: The Rise of Medieval Culture

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Chapter EightThe Rise of Medieval Culture

• Culture and Values, 8th. Ed.
• Cunningham and Reich and Fichner-Rathus

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Charlemagne Ruler and Diplomat (742-814)

• Papal Coronation
• Leo III, Christmas 800
• Revival of Western Roman Empire
• Feudal Administration
• Legal decrees
• Bureaucratic system
• Literacy
• Foreign Relations
• Byzantines, Muslims

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Charlemagne Economic Developments

• Stabilized the currency
• Denier
• Trade Fairs
• Tolerance of Jews
• Jewish merchants and the Near East
• Trade Routes
• Import / Export Relationships
• Iron Broadswords

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Learning in the Time of Charlemagne

• Palace School at Aachen
• Scholar-teachers
• Curriculum
• Trivium, quadrivium
• Mastery of texts
• Text reform
• Literary revival Liturgical revival
• Literacy as prerequisite for worship

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Learning in the Time of Charlemagne

• Alcuin of York
• Corrected errors in the Vulgate Bible
• Developed Frankish school system
• Literacy and Women
• Dhouda
• Illuminated manuscripts

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Benedictine Monasticism

• Early monasticism
• Varying monastic lifestyles
• No predominate rule
• The Rule of St. Benedict
• Magna Carta of monasticism
• Poverty, stability, obedience, chastity
• Balance of prayer, work, and study
• Horarium

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Women and the Monastic Life

• Scholastica (d. 543)
• St. Benedicts sister
• Brigit of Ireland (d. 525)
• Hilda, abbess of Whitby (614-680)
• Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)

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Monasticism and Gregorian Chant

• Development of sacred music
• Gregorian Chant
• Ambrosian music
• Mozarabic chant
• Frankish chant

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Monasticism and Gregorian Chant

• Gregorian chant and Carolingian reform
• Gregorian characteristics
• Monophonic
• Melismatic
• Acapella
• Cantus planus
• neums

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Liturgical Music and the Rise of Drama

• The Liturgical Trope
• Verbal elaborations of textual content
• Added to the long melismas
• Aid in memorization
• Origin of drama in the West
• Quem Quæritis

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Medieval Literature

• Venerable Bede
• Father of English history
• Ecclesiastical History of the English People
• Beowulf
• Hildegard of Bingen
• Writer, painter, illustrator, musician, critic,
  preacher
• Scivias, Physica, Causae et Curae, Symphonia,
  Ordo Virtutum

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8.1 Hildegard of Bingen, Vision of Gods Plan
for the Seasons, from De operatione Dei,
1163-1174
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The Morality Play Everyman

• Links liturgical and secular drama
• Allegorical, moralistic
• Instructs for moral conversion
• Religious themes
• Life as a pilgrimage
• The inevitability of death (memento mori)
• Faith vs. Free Will
• Liturgical overtones

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The Legend of CharlemagneSong of Roland

• Charlemagne canonized 1165
• Reliquaries and commemoratives
• Epic poem
• Charlemagnes battle with the Basques (778)
• Chansons de geste, chansons dhistoire
• Oral tradition, jongleurs
• Military and religious ideals
• 11th c. martial virtues and chivalric code
• Anti-Muslim bias

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8.23 Reliquary of Charlemagne
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The Visual ArtsThe Illuminated Book

• Carolingian manuscripts on parchment
• Gospel Book of Charlemagne
• Roman, Byzantine, Celtic styles
• Utrecht Psalter
• Masterpiece of the Carolingian Renaissance
• Dagulf Psalter
• Carved ivory book covers
• Carolingian miniscule

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8.9 The four evangelists and their symbols,
Palatine School at Aachen, early 9th century.
Manuscript illustration from the Gospel Book of
Charlemagne
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8.10 Drawing for Psalm 150 from the Utrecht
Psalter, ca 820-840
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8.11 Crucifixion, ca. 860-870, carved ivory
panel, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, United
Kingdom
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Carolingian ArchitectureCharlemagnes Palace at
Aachen

• Kingdom modeled on ancient Rome
• Palace
• Large royal hall, lavishly decorated
• Joined to chapel by a long gallery
• Chapel
• Church of San Vitale (Ravenna) as model
• Altar to the Savior (liturgical services)
• Chapel to the Virgin (reliquary)
• Charlemagnes Throne
• this most wise Solomon.

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The Carolingian Monastery

• Monastery as miniature civic center
• Complexity of function and design
• Center of life for rural populations
• Saint Gall plan
• Basilica style
• Designed to house 120 monks, 170 serfs

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The Romanesque Style

• Large, Roman-looking architecture
• Influenced by travel, expansion
• Pilgrimages
• Heavy stone arches
• Larger, more spacious interiors
• Fireproof stone and masonry roofs
• Church of Saint Sernin in Toulouse

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8.19 Nave, Saint Sernin, ca 1020-1180, Toulouse,
France
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The Romanesque Style

• Exterior decoration (sculpture)
• Lack of interior light
• Portal (doorway)
• Jamb, capital, trumeau
• Tympanum (mandorla, archivolts)
• Church of Sainte Madeleine at Vézelay

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8.20 Cathedral of Sainte-Lazare, west tympanum
detail of Last Judgment, ca 1120-1135
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Chapter Eight Discussion Questions

• Explain the function of the Song of Roland as
  both religious and political propaganda during
  the eleventh and twelfth centuries. What values
  are extolled within the text that would serve
  religious and political leaders as they shape
  their culture? Do we, as a culture, subscribe to
  these same values today? Why or why not?
• Why was Charlemagne so interested in developing
  literacy? Explain his motives and methods for
  establishing schools and supporting scholars.
• Describe the role of the liturgical trope in the
  development of drama in the West. For example,
  how does one begin with the Quem Quæritis trope
  and arrive at Everyman? Explain the evolution of
  the art form.