Animal, Plant

1
Animal, Plant Soil Science

• Lesson C5-4
• Administering Medication and Care

2
Interest Approach

• Ask a veterinarian or a veterinary technician to
  be a guest speaker and to demonstrate (with
  tools) how to properly administer medicine. The
  veterinarian could also demonstrate how to
  correctly dress a wound or how to properly
  bandage an animal.

3
Objectives

• Illustrate the methods (topically, orally, and
  injected), and identify the instruments
  (multi-dose hypodermic syringe, hypodermic
  syringe and needle, drench gun, balling gun) used
  to administer vaccines and pharmaceuticals.

4
Objectives

• Describe the types of injections, and determine
  the appropriate injection sites.
• Examine the components of a label found on animal
  medication, and interpret a veterinarians
  prescription.
• Demonstrate the ability to appropriately
  administer first aid and apply bandages (pressure
  and wound).

5
Terms

• balling guns
• drench guns
• epidural (intraspinal)
• first aid
• hypodermic syringe and needle
• injected/injectable

• intradermal
• intramammary
• intramuscular (IM)
• intraocular
• intraosseous infusion
• intraperitoneal (IP)
• intravenous (IV)

6
Terms

• multidose hypodermic syringe
• multiple injections
• per os (PO)
• subcutaneous (SQ)
• topical
• tourniquet

7
What methods and instruments are used to
administer vaccinesand pharmaceuticals?

• Methods and instruments used to
  administer vaccines and pharmaceuticals
• A. Methods
• 1. Topical medicine is administered
  externally rather than injected or ingested.
• a. It is usually in the form of a lotion, cream,
  powder, or solution.
• b. It is commonly administered to the areas
  around the ears, nose, or eyes.

8
What methods and instruments are used to
administer vaccinesand pharmaceuticals?

• c. Topical lotions are water based, thin, and
  absorbed quickly.
• They are often undetectable after application.
• d. Topical creams are thicker and are visible on
  the skin after application.
• Creams require more time for
  medicine absorption.

9
What methods and instruments are used to
administer vaccinesand pharmaceuticals?

• e. Ointments are the thickest form of topical
  medication.
• The medicine is suspended
  in a greasy substance that
  remains on the skin
  until the
  medicine is absorbed.
• f. When administering topical medicine, gloves
  should be worn.
• Then spread a thin layer of medicine over the
  wounded area.

10
What methods and instruments are used to
administer vaccinesand pharmaceuticals?

• 2. Oral medicine is administered by the mouth.
• a. This is the most common way of administering a
  medicine or drug to an animal.
• b. Oral drugs can be prescribed to be
  administered at different intervals and may need
  to be given before or after food.
• They can be in liquid or solid form.
• Questions about the frequency should be addressed
  by the veterinarian.

11
What methods and instruments are used to
administer vaccinesand pharmaceuticals?

• c. Oral medicine can be taken in the form of a
  pill or a liquid through a syringe.

12
What methods and instruments are used to
administer vaccinesand pharmaceuticals?

• 3. Injected/injectable medicines are administered
  into the body with a hollow
  needle and a syringe.
• The needle is sharp enough to
  pierce through the skin, muscle, or vein
  and allows the medication to exit the syringe
  sterilely.
• a. There are many different ways to administer a
  medicine through injection intradermal,
  subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous,
  intraosseous infusion, and intraperitoneal.

13
What methods and instruments are used to
administer vaccinesand pharmaceuticals?

• b. Before administering the medicine to the
  animal, make sure the needle is sterile.
• c. Also make sure the proper dose is given
  because an overdose can hurt or potentially kill
  the animal.
• d. The temperature of materials injected into the
  animal should be at or below body temperature.
• If the medication has been chilled, you can roll
  the syringe between your hands to warm it.

14
What methods and instruments are used to
administer vaccinesand pharmaceuticals?

• e. When making an injection, make sure the area
  around the injection site is clipped or shaved to
  prevent the spread of germs into the body.
• If clipping is undesirable
  or not possible,
  
  thoroughly swab the
  area with a clean
  alcohol wipe
  before
  injecting.

15
What methods and instruments are used to
administer vaccinesand pharmaceuticals?

• B. Instruments used to administer vaccines and
  pharmaceuticals

16
What methods and instruments are used to
administer vaccinesand pharmaceuticals?

• 1. Multidose hypodermic syringesThese medical
  instruments are used to inject fluids into the
  body or draw them from it they can be used
  multiple times.
• a. Syringes consist of a plunder, barrel, and
  various types and sizes of needles.
• b. Before filling syringes, the instructions on
  the medicine bottle should be read carefully.

17
What methods and instruments are used to
administer vaccinesand pharmaceuticals?

• 2. Hypodermic syringe and needlesThese small
  syringes are used with hollow needles for
  injections of material into or beneath the skin.
• Hypodermic needles are often used to administer
  insulin to animals with diabetes.
• 3. Drench gunsThese are used to administer
  calcium, niacin, de-wormers, and other drenches.
• They squirt liquid between the cheek and teeth so
  the animals swallow it without the risk of liquid
  entering the lungs.

18
What methods and instruments are used to
administer vaccinesand pharmaceuticals?

• 4. Balling gunsThese are used to administer oral
  medication by use of a long barrel that places
  the medicine at the back of the throat.
• They are commonly
  used in cattle to
  
  deliver oral
  medications in pill
  form.

19
What are the different types of injections and
injection sites?

• Types of injections and the appropriate injection
  sites
• A. Types of injections and
  routes of medication
  administration
• 1. Intradermal injections are given into the skin
  and are used in animals when administering an
  allergy test just like in humans.

20
What are the different types of injections and
injection sites?

• 2. Subcutaneous (SQ) injections are given under
  the skin.
• They should be given in areas where there is
  loose skin (e.g., half way up the neck in front
  of the shoulder).
• Because of cancer forming at the vaccine sites in
  cats that received routine vaccines, it is now
  recommended to give SQ vaccines on the limbs, as
  far away from the main body as possible.
• Then if cancer forms, the limb may be amputated
  to save the animals life.

21
What are the different types of injections and
injection sites?

• 3. Intramuscular (IM) injections are given
  directly into the muscle.
• a. In cattle, for example, IM
  injections should always be given
  in front of the shoulder instead of
  on the rump because injections
  leave scars that cause the meat to
  be condemned at harvesting facilities.
• The most valuable cuts from a cow are the areas
  behind the shoulder, so avoiding these areas
  will preserve the expensive cuts of meat.

22
What are the different types of injections and
injection sites?

• b. These injections should be given deep into a
  muscle.
• The needle should be long enough to penetrate
  skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fat to reach the
  muscle.
• In addition, the needle should enter the skin
  perpendicular to the skins surface.
• It is necessary to pull back on the syringe
  plunger before injecting the drug to be certain
  the syringe is in the muscle instead of in a
  vein.
• If blood is aspirated, the needle should be
  redirected.

23
What are the different types of injections and
injection sites?

• 4. Intravenous (IV) injections are given directly
  into the vein.
• Most anesthetic drugs are administered
  this way to allow a quick
  response to the medication.
• a. The vein used depends on the
  type of animal.
• b. The jugular vein is usually used
  with horses, cattle, and sheep.
• The jugular, cephalic, and saphenous veins are
  used in small animals.

24
What are the different types of injections and
injection sites?

• 5. Intraosseous infusions are injections directly
  into the marrow of a bone.
• 6. Intraocular injections are given under the
  eyelid, into the cornea, or into the anterior
  chamber of the eye.
• 7. Epidural (intraspinal) injections are given
  directly into the spinal canal to provide pain
  relief to the hind region if a painful surgery is
  being performed in that region.

25
What are the different types of injections and
injection sites?

• 8. Intraperitoneal (IP) injections are given in
  the peritoneal space or abdominal cavity.
• These injections are sometimes used to treat
  dairy cattle that are sick because of calcium
  depletion.
• 9. Intramammary injections are given into the
  mammary glands.
• These are common in dairy cattle with
  infections of the udder (mastitis).
• Antibiotics are given directly into the
  mammary gland to provide the most direct
  treatment route.

26
What are the different types of injections and
injection sites?

• 10. Multiple injections require using different
  injection sites on the body (e.g. opposite sides
  of the neck), especially when repeating
  treatments over a number of days.
• 11. Per os (PO) is a medication that is given
  orally.
• Most medications in veterinary medicine are given
  orally unless they taste bitter or the animal is
  unable to eat due to intestinal disease,
  vomiting, or diarrhea.
• Another route is used when it will provide more
  immediate or better relief.

27
What are the different types of injections and
injection sites?

• B. It is important to remove
  air from the syringe.
• After filling the syringe with
  the product to be injected,
  the syringe should be
  pointed upward and the barrel should be tapped to
  make air bubbles move into the syringe tip.
• The plunger should be pushed slowly and carefully
  to eject the air bubbles from the syringe before
  injecting the product.

28
What are the components of a label found on
animal medication? How is a veterinarians
prescription interpreted?

• It is important to read all of the components of
  a label found on animal medication and
  veterinarians prescriptions.
• A. Label components
• 1. The label of an animals medication must
  clearly list the name of the medicine, the dosage
  and duration, the expiration date, the warnings
  (dangers to humans, possible allergies), how to
  administer the medicine (orally topically
  injection with or without food what time of day
  to administer the medicine and how often),
  number of refills, quantity contained in the
  prescription, the date of treatment, and
  withdrawal times (if used in an animal raised for
  human consumption).

29
What are the components of a label found on
animal medication? How is a veterinarians
prescription interpreted?

• 2. The prescription must be properly labeled with
  the patients name, phone number, and address
  along with the name of the doctor who prescribed
  the medicine.

30
What are the components of a label found on
animal medication? How is a veterinarians
prescription interpreted?

• B. Veterinarians prescriptions
• 1. Veterinary prescription drugs are labeled for
  use only by or on the
  order of a licensed
  veterinarian.
• Incidents involving the sale
  and use of prescription drugs without a
  prescription should be reported to the proper
  state authority and the U.S. Food and Drug
  Administration.

31
What are the components of a label found on
animal medication? How is a veterinarians
prescription interpreted?

• 2. Veterinary prescription drugs must be properly
  labeled before being dispensed.
• 3. Appropriate administration and treatment
  records must be maintained.

32
What are the components of a label found on
animal medication? How is a veterinarians
prescription interpreted?

• 4. When a doctor prescribes a medicine, he or she
  should also schedule a follow- up appointment, if
  necessary.
• In many cases the patient
  would not need to return.
• However, after a major illness
  or surgery, a veterinarian
  takes
  precautions and
  typically requests a recheck.

33
How do you administer first aid? How do you
properly applybandages?

• The ability to appropriately administer first aid
  and apply bandages (pressure and wound) properly
  could save lives.
• A. First aid is the immediate care or treatment
  of sick or injured animals until a veterinarian
  can be found to assist further.
• 1. Many types of dressings and bandages can be
  used to cover wounds gauze, tape, prepared
  dressings, and cotton.
• 2. When animals are injured, the wounds must be
  cleaned and protected so the areas of injury will
  not become infected or further injured.

34
How do you administer first aid? How do you
properly applybandages?

• 3. If the animals could be in shock, unconscious,
  or bleeding internally, they should be handled
  with extreme care.
• Animals in pain may become
  frightened and try to bite.
• 4. Animals in shock are
  very sensitive and should
  be kept very
  still and in
  areas that are free from distractions until the
  veterinarian arrives to help.

35
How do you administer first aid? How do you
properly applybandages?

• 5. Animals with broken bones should be kept still
  to reduce pain and further injury a temporary
  splint can be made to support the broken bones.
• 6. If animal eyes are protruding
  from the eyelids, the eyes
  should be kept moist with
  sterile pads
  and distilled water until
  the veterinarian arrives.

36
How do you administer first aid? How do you
properly applybandages?

• B. Applying bandages
• 1. Bandages should
  never be applied too
  tightly, unless
  the bandages are
  pressure bandages.
• 2. Tape should be applied to secure the bandage
  and to help prevent the tape from being removed.

37
How do you administer first aid? How do you
properly applybandages?

• 3. If animals are bleeding, use bandages rather
  than a tourniquet, which is a compressing device
  used to control circulation to an extremity for a
  period of time.
• If a tourniquet is used, it must be loosened for
  a few minutes every hour because total loss of
  blood flow can cause the structures below the
  tourniquet to die from a lack of blood supply.

38
How do you administer first aid? How do you
properly applybandages?

• 4. Bandages need to be changed regularly, and
  there are many signs that will determine if a
  bandage needs to be changed.
• If the bandage is saturated with pus and wound
  secretions, the bandaged area is extremely
  swollen, or the original bandage was improperly
  applied, a bandage change is necessary.
• 5. It is also important that all materials used
  to dress a wound are sterile.

39
How do you administer first aid? How do you
properly applybandages?

• 6. When applying a dressing to an animals leg or
  foot, the gauze can be wrapped around the leg.
• However, it may need to be twisted, depending on
  the contour of the animals body.
• To keep the bandage on the animal, it is best to
  split the gauze at the ends and tie it around the
  animals leg.
• Tape should be used to secure the bandage and
  gauze.

40
Review

• What methods and instruments are used to
  administer vaccines and pharmaceuticals?
• What are the different types of injections and
  injection sites?

41
Review

• What are the components of a label found on
  animal medication? How is a veterinarians
  prescription interpreted?
• How do you administer first aid? How do you
  properly apply bandages?