The Periodic Table

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The Periodic Table
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Why is the Periodic Table important to me?

• Useful tool for chemists
• Helps us predict the physical and chemical
  properties of an element based on its location
  (row and column)

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Before the table was developed

• Element organization was a mess.
• Imagine going to a grocery store with no
  organization!!
• Difficult to find information.
• Chemistry didnt make sense.

Dalton 1800s
Gmelin 1843
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• Chancourtois (1862) and Newland (1863)
• Organized by increasing atomic masses, and
  observed a repeating pattern to the properties of
  the elements, but this pattern fell apart after
  Calcium.

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Dmitri Mendeleev Father of the Table

• Russian Chemist
• Mendeleev observed the relationship between the
  elements increasing atomic mass and repetitive
  pattern of physical and chemical properties.
• Published the first version of the periodic table
  in 1869

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Mendeleevs Table

• Gaps existed in his table (marked with a ?)
• He was able to predict the properties of these
  missing elements long before they were discovered.

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Mendeleevs Predictions
Ekasilicon
Germanium
Notice how Mendeleevs predictions (orange
column) were very accurate when compared to
Germaniums actual characteristics (green column)
Date Predicted 1871 Date Discovered 1886
Atomic Mass 72 Atomic Mass 72.6
Density 5.5 g/cm3 Density 5.47 g/cm3
Bonding Power 4 Bonding Power 4
Color Dark Gray Color Grayish White
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• How his table worked
• Put elements in rows by increasing atomic mass.
• Put elements in columns by the way they reacted.

• Some Problems
• He left blank spaces for what he said were
  undiscovered elements.
• He broke the pattern of increasing atomic weight
  to keep similar reacting elements together.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vfPnwBITSmgU http//
www.youtube.com/watch?vcvRcUeWjBu0
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Periodic Law

• Mendeleev stated that the physical and chemical
  properties of elements repeated according to a
  pattern. Similar elements were placed in the
  same column.

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Henry Moseley (1887-1915)

• Made improvements to Mendeleevs Periodic Table
• Moseley discovered that the periodic nature of
  the elements wasnt due to atomic mass, but by
  atomic number.
• He arranged the table by atomic number instead.
• Realized that there were undiscovered elements

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The Current Periodic Table

• The horizontal rows are called periods and are
  labeled from 1 to 7.
• Each period has a new electron energy level

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Periods go across
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• The vertical columns are called groups are
  labeled from 1 to 18.
• Each group has the same number of electrons in
  the outermost energy level. (valence electrons)

http//www.youtube.com/watch?v7mLPC74GHMo
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Summary of the Tables arrangement

• Elements are arranged by increasing atomic number
• Elements in the same period have the same number
  of electron energy levels
• Elements in the same group the same number of
  valence electrons
• Valence electrons are the electrons found in the
  outermost energy level.

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Valence electrons-How many electrons are in the
outermost shell?
Si
Ge
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Element Superhero Project
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Learn about your element

• Its history
• Its physical and chemical properties
• Its periodic table location and family
• Create a superhero for your element displaying
  its characteristics such as strengths and
  weaknesses, its hideouts, and super powers.

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Families on the Periodic Table

• Columns are also grouped into families.
• Families may be one column, or several columns
  put together.
• Families have names rather than numbers. (Just
  like your family has a common last name.)

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Families of the Periodic Table
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Families of Elements

• 1 Alkali Metals
• 2 Alkaline Earth Metals
• 3-12 Transition Metals
• 13 The Boron Family
• 14 The Carbon Group
• 15 The Nitrogen Group
• 16 The Oxygen Group
• 17 The Halogens
• 18 The Noble Gases
• Lanthanide Series
• Actinide Series

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Transition Elements

• Groups 3-12
• Transition Elements
• All transition elements are metals.
• Group 11 (The Coinage Metals)
• The Lanthanides
• The Actinides

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Hydrogen

• Hydrogen belongs to a family of its own.
• Hydrogen is a diatomic, reactive gas.
• Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the
  Hindenberg.
• Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel
  source for automobiles

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Alkali Metals

• 1st column on the periodic table (Group 1) not
  including hydrogen.
• Very reactive metals, always combined with
  something else in nature (like in salt).
• Soft enough to cut with a butter knife

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Alkali Metals

• http//www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-techno
  logy/science/chemistry/alkali-metals

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Alkaline Earth Metals

• Second column on the periodic table. (Group 2)
• Reactive metals that are always combined with
  nonmetals in nature.
• Several of these elements are important mineral
  nutrients (such as Mg and Ca)

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Transition Metals

• Elements in groups 3-12
• Less reactive harder metals
• Includes metals used in jewelry and construction.
• Metals used as metal.

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Boron Family

• Elements in group 13
• Aluminum metal was once rare and expensive, not a
  disposable metal.

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Carbon Family

• Elements in group 14
• Contains elements important to life and
  computers.
• Carbon is the basis for an entire branch of
  chemistry.
• Silicon and Germanium are important
  semiconductors.

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Nitrogen Family

• Elements in group 15
• Nitrogen makes up over ¾ of the atmosphere.
• Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important in
  living things.
• Most of the worlds nitrogen is not available to
  living things.
• The red stuff on the tip of matches is phosphorus.

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Oxygen Family or Chalcogens

• Elements in group 16
• Oxygen is necessary for respiration.
• Many things that stink, contain sulfur (rotten
  eggs, garlic, skunks,etc.)

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Halogens

• Means salt former
• Elements in group 17
• Very reactive, volatile, diatomic, nonmetals
• Always found combined with other elements in
  nature .
• Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth.

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The Noble Gases
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The Noble Gases

• Elements in group 18
• VERY unreactive, monatomic gases
• Used in lighted neon signs
• Used in blimps to fix the Hindenberg problem.
• Have a full valence shell.

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• http//www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-techno
  logy/science/chemistry/noble-gases

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• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vUy0m7jnyv6U
• Meet the Elements
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v-wu0LixSBpk

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http//laughingsquid.com/the-periodic-table-of-ele
mental-discoveries-by-country/
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Families on the Periodic Table

• Elements on the periodic table can be grouped
  into families bases on their chemical properties.
• Each family has a specific name to differentiate
  it from the other families in the periodic table.
• Elements in each family
• react differently with
• other elements.

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Periods

• Each row is called a period

• The elements in each period have the same number
  of shells

1st Period 1 Shell
2nd Period 2 Shells
3rd Period 3 Shells
4th Period 4 Shells
www.chem4kids.com
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Groups
Group 8 8 electrons
Group 1 1 electron
Except for He, it has 2 electrons
Group 2 2 electrons

• Each column is called a group

3, 4, 5, 6, 7

• Each element in a group has the same number of
  electrons in their outer orbital, also known as
  shells.

• The electrons in the outer shell are called
  valence electrons

www.chem4kids.com
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Periodic table song

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vzUDDiWtFtEMfeature
  youtube_gdata_player
• "Hunting the Elements" NOVA special
  https//www.youtube.com/watch?vwsoZFTC02PY

(2012) NOVA show Hunting The Elements   http//www
.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/hunting-elements.html
lecture series with Peter Wothers is really,
really good The Modern Alchemist Air Ri
Channel  It covers something we all experience
with every breat