Ecology

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Ecology
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Ecology

• Study of the relationships between the living
  (biotic factors? plants, animals, predators,
  microbes, etc) and the non-living (abiotic
  factors? soil, temperature, pH, light, rainfall,
  wind, etc) that occur w/in a specific habitat

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Ecosystem

• All the living and non-living factors that
  interact in some way w/in a well-defined area at
  a specific time
• Ex desert, pond, grassland, forest, tundra

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WHAT AFFECTS THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TERRESTRIAL
BIOMES? CLIMATE, ELEVATION, RAINFALL, DISTANCE
FROM EQUATOR ALL OF THE THINGS THAT AFFECT
CLIMATE!
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BIOTIC ABIOTIC FACTORS
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Section 4-2
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
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Ecological Niche

• The role or function of an organism w/in a given
  ecosystem
• Food chain? path of energy through trophic levels
  of an ecosystem
• Food web? complicated, interconnected path of
  energy (food chain)

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FOOD WEB
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Cont. Ecological Niche

• 1. Producers (Autotrophs)
• Include plants, algae, and some kinds of bacteria
• Carries out photosynthesis? process that
  synthesizes glucose (sugar) from CO2 and H2O in
  the presence of light
• Autotrophic cells produce ALL the food available
  to the ecosystem
• light
• 6 CO2 6 H2O ------------------------? C6H12O6
  6 O2
• chlorophyll

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Cont. Ecological Niche

• 2. Consumers (Heterotrophs)
• Organisms which utilize nutrients synthesized by
  autotrophs (dependent on producers!)
• Ex birds, humans, bats, elephants, butterflies,
  giraffes
• a. Respiration
• Aerobic (requires O2) breakdown of nutrients and
  the production of energy (ATP) and wastes
• 
  
  
• 6 O2 C6H12O6 --------------------? ATP
  6 H2O 6 CO2

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Cont. Consumers

• b. Fermentation
• Anaerobic (does not require O2) breakdown of
  nutrients and the production of energy and wastes
• --------? ATP 2 alcohol 2 CO2
  (yeasts)
• C6H12O6 --------? ATP 2 acetic acid 2
  CO2 (bacteria)
• --------? ATP lactic acid
  (bacteria)

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Cont. Ecological Niche

• 3. Decomposers (Detritivores/ Saprophytes)
• Includes bacteria and fungi
• Heterotrophic organisms which break down dead/
  decayed organic matter and then recycle the
  nutrients (elements) back into the environment
• NOTE Observe how the carbon is cycled between
  the various organisms that are carrying out
  theses basic life reactions
• Ex how matter (non-living) is interacting w/
  organisms (living things)

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Pyramids of Trophic Levels

• Trophic level? each step in a food chain/
  feeding level that exists w/in an ecosystem
• 5 trophic levels typically recognized
• 1. Primary producers autotrophs/ usually
  photosynthetic2. Primary consumers herbivores
  that consume primary producers (ex plants and
  algae)

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• 3. Secondary consumers carnivores that eat
  herbivores 4. Tertiary consumers carnivores
  that eat other carnivores 5. Decomposers
  consumers that derive energy from detritus
  (organic wastes) and dead organisms from other
  trophic levels

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• Energy flow through an ecosystem is
  unidirectional (not returned to ecosystem)

Decomposers ? recycle matter
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Practice
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Ecological Pyramid

• Ecological pyramid- diagram showing relationships
  between organisms making up an ecosystem
• Looks at trophic efficiency? percentage of
  production (available energy) transferred from 1
  trophic level to the next

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3 Kinds of Ecological Pyramids

• 1. Pyramid of Numbers
• Numbers of organisms in each trophic level

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Cont. 3 Kinds of Ecological Pyramids

• 2. Pyramid of Energy
• Measures the amount of energy available to higher
  trophic levels
• Greatest amount of energy is present in the
  producer level
• Only a small portion of this energy (10) is
  passed on to primary consumers, and only a small
  portion of the energy (10) in primary consumers
  is passed on to secondary consumers
• Used to show the LOSS of energy (10 LAW) at each
  level
• Considerable energy (in the form of heat/ 90) is
  LOST to the environment at each successive
  feeding level
•  

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Cont. Pyramid of Energy
Energy lost a. Sunlight is reflected off leaves
instead of being used for photosynthesis b.
Through respiration as heat c. Excretion and
defecation d. Energy used for movement and
transport
.01
Respiration Heat Waste Assimilation Movement
.1
1
100 SUNLIGHT
10

• Producers? 100

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Cont. Pyramid of Energy
Ex a. Humans? cellular respiration 6
O2 glucose --------? 36 ATP (energy
molecules) (100) ---------? 55
lost as heat b. Cycles C, O2, N2
-------? recycled through respiration and
photosynthesis
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Cont. Pyramids of Trophic Levels

• 3. Pyramid of Biomass
• Total dry weight of ALL organisms at EACH trophic
  level
• Low trophic efficiency? a decrease in available
  energy at higher feeding levels
• Therefore, less organic matter/ biomass can be
  supported at each higher level
• a) Total mass of producers MUST be gt total
  mass of primary consumers
• b) Total mass of primary consumer MUST be gt
  total mass of secondary consumers

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Pyramid of Biomass
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Ecological Pyramids
Pyramid of Numbers Shows the relative number of
individual organisms at each trophic level
Energy Pyramid Shows the relative amount of
energy available at each trophic level/ organisms
use about 10 of this energy for life processes
and the rest is lost as heat
Biomass Pyramid Represents the amount of living
organic matter at each trophic level/
typically, the greatest biomass is at the base
of the pyramid
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Competitive Relationship

• A change in the size of 1 population affects all
  other organisms w/in the ecosystem
• Predation? (/-) relationship in which 1 species
  kills and eats the prey
• a. Predator? animal that hunts, kills
• and eats other animals for food
• -Need to be adapted for efficient
• hunting if they are to catch enough
• food to survive
• b. Prey? organisms that predators kill
• for food
• - Must be well adapted to escape
• their predators if enough of them are
• to survive for the species to continue

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Cont. Competitive Relationships

•  1. Niche? how an organism lives/ how it does its
  jobs affects the energy flow w/in ecosystem
• 2. Competition? when 2 species uses the same
  resources/ when the resource is in limited supply
• 3. Character displacement? response to
  competition some changes may by physical or
  behavioral 
• 4. Competitive exclusion? species that is the
  better competitor may drive the other out
• a. No 2 species can occupy the same niche
• b. Local elimination of 1 competing species
• c. Species using resource more efficiently
  eliminates the other

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Cont. Competitive Relationships

• 5. Coevolution? 2 species interacting w/in an
  ecosystem some work in opposition to each other,
  others cooperate w/ each other
• 6. Coevelution arms race
• a. Selection pressure on each other- 1 must
  defend itself and the other must overcome the
  defense
• b. Predator counter-attack measures
• Ex stealth, camouflage, avoiding
  repellants

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3 SPECIES OF WARBLERS THEIR NICHES
Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and Their
Niches
Section 4-2
Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of
branches near the top of the tree
Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of
the tree
Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of
the tree and at the bases of the middle branches
Spruce tree
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Camouflage/ Cryptic Coloration
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Aposematic/Warning Coloration
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Mimicry
Venomous Coral Snake
Red Milk Snake
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• The monarch (left) and viceroy (right)
  butterflies exhibiting Müllerian mimicry

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Symbiosis

• 2 different species living together in some
  (unusual) way
• 3 Patterns
• 1. Mutualism (/)
• Both species benefit from each other
• 2. Commensalism (/0)
• 1 specie benefits while the other is neither
  helped nor harmed
• 3. Parasitism (/-)
• 1 specie benefits while the other is harmed
• Parasite steals nourishment from host

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Cont. Symbiosis
RELATIONSHIPS WHO WINS? () WHO LOSES (-)
Interactions Effect on One Effect on Other
Competition
Parasitism
Predation
Mutualism
Commensalism
Neutral relationship
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Guess the relationship?
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Guess the relationship?Tick in a dog
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Guess the relationship?Barnacles on whale
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THE WATER CYCLE
The Water Cycle
Section 3-3
Condensation
Precipitation
Runoff
Seepage
Root Uptake
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CARBON CYCLE
CO2 in Atmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
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NITROGEN

• 79 OF ATMOSPHERIC GAS (N2) IS NITROGEN
• UNUSABLE AS GAS PLANTS ANIMALS MUST HAVE IT
  FOR THEIR PROTEINS
• ANIMALS EXCRETE NITROGEN COMPOUNDS AS METABOLIC
  WASTE (BREAKDOWN OF PROTEINS) URIC ACID, UREA,
  AND AMMONIA (LISTED FROM LEAST TO MOST TOXIC)

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Nitrogen Cycle
Compound Converts To By (Which Bacteria)
N2 Ammonia/Protein N2 Fixing
NH3 Nitrites NO2- Nitrifying
NO2- Nitrates NO3- Nitrifying
NO3- Nitrogen N2 Denitrifying
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Nitrogen Cycle
N2 in Atmosphere
NO3- and NO2-
Reduces nitrates to nitrogen, restoring N2 to
atmosphere
Convert N2 to proteins in plants called legumes ?
clover
NH3
Nitrates (Usable can be absorbed by roots)
Nitrifying bacteria convert NH3 to nitrites
convert nitrites to nitrates
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PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE
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WHICH THINGS CYCLE THROUGH THE BIOSPERE?
WHICH ONES DO SO WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF THE
ATMOSPHERE?WATERPHOSPHOROUSSULFUR
CARBONNITROGENOXYGEN
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POPULATION GROWTH
Concept Map
Section 5-1
Population Growth
can be
represented by
characterized by
characterized by
represented by
which cause a
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3 Factors that Affect Pop Size

• 1. of births
• 2. s of deaths
• 3. s of inds that enter or leave the pop
  (IMMIGRATION EMIGRATION)
• POPULATION .
• Grows when BIRTHRATE gt DEATH RATE
• Stays more/ less the same when
• BIRTHRATE DEATH RATE
• Shrinks when DEATH RATE gt BIRTHRATE

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EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

• Occurs when inds in a pop reproduce at a
  constant rate
• Under ideal conditions with a UNLIMITED
  RESOURCE, a pop will grow exponentially
• J-shaped curve

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LOGISTIC GROWTH
Figure 5-4 Logistic Growth of Yeast Population
Section 5-1

• As resources become less available, growth of
  pop slows or stops
• CARRYING CAPACITY? of inds that a given
  environment can support
• S-shaped curve

Carrying capacity
Number of Yeast Cells
Time (hours)
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LIMITING FACTORS (CAUSES POPULATIONS TO DECREASE)

• DENSITY-INDEPENDENT AFFECT ALL POPULATIONS
  REGARDLESS OF SIZE
• - UNUSUAL WEATHER, SEASONAL CYCLES, CERTAIN
  HUMAN ACTIVITIES
• DENSITY-DEPENDENT DEPENDS ON POP SIZE
• - (AFFECT LARGE DENSE POPULATIONS, NOT SMALL
  SCATTERED POPULATIONS)
• - COMPETITION, PREDATION, PREDATION, PARASITISM,
  DISEASE

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A DENSITY-DEPENDENT LIMITING FACTOR
A Density-Dependent Limiting Factor
Section 5-2
Growth of Aphids
Exponential growth
Peak population size
Rapid decline
Steady population size
Steady population size
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A DENSITY-DEPENDENT LIMITING FACTOR
Figure 5-7 Wolf and Moose Populations on Isle
Royale
Section 5-2
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2400
50
2000
40
1600
1200
30
20
800
10
400
0
0
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Moose
Wolves
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HUMAN GROWTH POPULATION
Human Population Growth
Section 5-3
Industrial Revolution begins
Agriculture begins
Bubonic plague
Plowing and irrigation
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HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH(AGE- STRUCTURE DIAGRAMS)
Figure 5-13 Age Distribution
Section 5-3
U.S. Population
Rwandan Population
Males
Males
Females
Females
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SPECIES DIVERSITY
Species Diversity
Section 6-3
Protists
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BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION/AMPLIFICATION
Figure 6-16 Biological Magnification of DDT
Section 6-3

• CONCENTRATIONS OF A HARMFUL SUBSTANCE INCREASE IN
  ORGS AT HIGHER TROPHIC LEVELS IN A FOOD CHAIN/
  WEB
• TOP CARNIVORES AT HIGHEST RISK

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ECOLOGICAL SUCCESION

• SERIES OF PREDICTABLE CHANGES THAT OCCURS IN A
  COMM OVER TIME
• PRIMARY SUCCESION- occurs on an area of newly
  exposed rock or sand or lava or any area that has
  not been occupied previously by a living (biotic)
  community
• Pioneer species? LICHEN
• B. SECONDARY SUCCESION-takes place where
  community has been removed
• ex in a plowed field or a clearcut forest

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PRIMARY SUCCESION SECONDARY SUCCESION