Insecta

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Insecta

• BY DR.YUNI KILAWATI, S.Pi.,M.Si

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Subphylum Uniramia

• Class Insecta
• Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
• Order Plecoptera (stoneflies)
• Order Odonata (dragon/damselflies)
• Order Trichoptera (caddisflies)
• Order Megaloptera (alderflies)
• Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
• Order Coleoptera (beetles)
• Order Neuroptera (net-winged)
• Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies)
• Order Diptera (flies and midges)
• Order Collembola (spring tails)

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1.Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
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2.Order Plecoptera (stoneflies)
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3.Order Odonata (dragon/damselflies)
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4.Order Trichoptera (caddisflies)
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5.Order Megaloptera (alderflies)
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6.Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
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7.Order Coleoptera (beetles)
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8.Order Neuroptera (net-winged insects)
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9.Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies)
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10.Order Diptera (flies and midges)
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11.Order Collembola (spring tails)
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Insects

• There are more kinds of insects than there are
  all other animal species all together
• There are could be 300 million times as many
  insects as humans on earth.
• Insects have a body that is divided into 3 parts
  (head, thorax and abdomen

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External Anatomy
Adult insects are known for having three major
body regions, six legs, one pair of antennae and
usually two pair of wings as adults.
head
abdomen
thorax
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• 3 distinct regions
• head sensory perception, neural integration,
  food gathering.
• Thorax locomotion
• Abdomen houses visceral organs (digestive,
  excretory, reproductive systems)

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Head
Important external features 1) Antennae --
contain chemical, olfactory, tactile, and
auditory receptors. Can also sense
vibrations. 2) Compound eyes (vision/movement/colo
r) and dorsal ocelli (light detection). Many
insects perceive ultraviolet, blue-green and red
wavelengths. 3) Specialized mouth parts food
gathering, defense.
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Head Mouthparts
2 general types 1) mandibulate specialized for
biting off and chewing food (most nymphs) 2)
haustellate specially adapted for piercing and
sucking (e.g. mosquitoes and dipterans).
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Two Examples of Mouthparts
chewing
piercing/sucking
Insect mouthparts are also highly modified for
the insect. Chewing, biting, or sucking, are a
few examples. Mouthparts of an immature insect
may differ from those of the same insect in its
adult stage.
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Antennae
beetle
butterfly
fly
ant
termite
June beetle
Antennae are used by insects as major sensory
devices, especially for smell, and can be
adaptive for the insect in many ways.
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Thorax
Composed of 3 segments 1) anterior
prothorax 2) middle mesothorax 3) posterior
-- metathroax
Legs
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Abdomen
--Generally composed of 11 metameres --Each
metamere composed of dorsally sclerite
(tergum) ventrally sclerite (sternum) laterall
y membranous (pleuron) --Genitalia located on
8-9 segment
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Digestive system
Mouth Pharynx Esophogus Crop (stores
food) Gizzard (denticles help macerate
food) Stomach Pyloric valve Pylorus Intestine
(water reabsorption) rectum
foregut
midgut
hindgut
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(No Transcript)
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Circulatory System
Open circulatory system a) Capillaries are
absent. Blood flows through hemocoelic spaces
(bathes internal organs) b) Insect blood is
relatively clear and contains hemocytes
(analogous to WBC/ white blood cell ).
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Excretory System
--Malpighian tubules (2-150) distal ends free in
hemocoel. -- Uric acid in hemolymph combines with
potasium bicarbonate to form potassium acid
urate. -- PAU taken up by Malpighian tubules,
reabsorb Potassium bicarb. and excrete
crystalline uric acid as a dry pellet.
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• Sistem pernapasan terdiri dari kantung udara
  dan tabung yang disebut tracheae.
• Udara masuk ke tabung melalui serangkaian bukaan y
  ang disebut spirakel yang ditemukan sepanjang
  sisi tubuh. 
• spirakel terbesar biasanya ditemukan pada
  otot-otot dada di mana lebih besar dari sayap dan
  kaki membutuhkan lebih banyak oksigen. 
• spirakel tida tdp di kepala.

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tracheal tubes
spiracles
Respiratory System
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Insect Structure
Insects have 6 legs connected to the chest part.
Some insects legs are all the same size. Some
insects have one pair of legs larger than the
other two pairs.
A grasshopper has one pair of legs larger than
the other two pairs. These larger legs are used
for jumping.
Longer back legs
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Insect Growth and Development
Insects eat a lot, so they grow very fast. As
they grow, insects may molt and grow new
exoskeletons, or they may change completely.
A huge change in appearance is called
metamorphosis.
There are two kinds of metamorphosis
______________ and ______________.
complete
incomplete
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LifeCycles
metamorphosis
metamorphosis
The many diverse orders of insects have four
different types of life cycles. These life
cycles are called "metamorphosis" because of the
changes of shape that the insects undergo during
development.
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Without Metamorphosis
egg
nymphs
adult
Without meta
The first type is "without" metamorphosis which
the wingless primitive orders such as silverfish
(Thysanura) and springtails (Collembola) possess.
The young resemble adults except for size.
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Incomplete Metamorphosis
egg
naiads
adult
Incomplete meta
The second type is "incomplete"
metamorphosis which is found among the aquatic
insect orders such as mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
and dragonflies (Odonata).
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Gradual Metamorphosis
The third type is "gradual" metamorphosis seen in
such orders as the grasshoppers (Orthoptera),
termites (Isoptera), thrips (Thysanoptera), and
true bugs (Hemiptera). This life cycle starts as
an egg, but each growth, or nymphal stage looks
similar, except it lacks wings and the
reproductive capacity that the adult possesses.
Gradual meta
nymphs
egg
adult
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Complete Metamorphosis
The fourth type is "complete" metamorphosis found
in butterflies (Lepidoptera), beetles
(Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), and bees, wasps,
and ants (Hymenoptera). This life cycle has the
four stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Each
stage is quite distinct.
egg
larvae
pupa
adult
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Metamorphosis
-Subclass Apterygota (ametamorphic) - Subclass Pte
rygota (2 jenis metamorfosis) Exopterygotes  -
sayap  eksternal berkembang  pada tahap akhir
nimfa  - Mengalami metamorfosis sederhana
atau tidak lengkap disebut hemimetabolous.-
(mis. odonata, Hemiptera) Endoterygotes  -
sayap  internal berkembang selama tahap larva) -
m'alami metamorfosis lengkap disebut holometabolou
s.(mis. Coleoptera, trichoptera, Diptera)
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Metamorphosis
1) Hemimetabolous life cycle includes 3
developmental stages egg, nymph and adult. Most
larva (except Plecoptera) do not resemble
adults. Ephemeroptera (mayflies)Odonata
(dragonflies)Orthoptera (grasshoppers)Isoptera
(termites)Dermaptera (earwigs)Psocoptera
(booklice barklice)Mallophaga (chewing
lice)Anoplura (sucking lice)Thysanoptera
(thrips)Hemiptera (true bugs)Homoptera
(cicadas, aphids, etc.)
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2) Holometabolous life cycle includes 4
developmental stages egg, larva, pupa, and
adult. Larva do not resemble adults. Coleoptera
(beetles)Lepidoptera (butterflies
moths)Diptera (flies)Hymenoptera (ants, wasps,
bees)Siphonaptera (fleas)Strepsiptera
(twist-winged parasites)Mecoptera
(scorpionflies)Tricoptera (caddisflies)Neuropter
a (antlions, lacewings)Thysanoptera (thrips)
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3) Ametabolous life cycle A growth stage of
certain insects characterized by an increase in
size without distinct external changes.
silverfish, firebrats, and springtails
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Metamorphosis
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Complete Metamorphosis
In complete metamorphosis, insects like
butterflies and moths have 4 stages of
development.
The first stage makes an egg.
During the second stage, the egg hatches and a
larva comes out.
A caterpillar is the larva of an insect that
will become a butterfly or a moth.
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Complete Metamorphosis
During the third stage, a pupa is made.
A pupa is sometimes wrapped in a cocoon or in
a Chrysalis.
A cocoon is the pupa of a silk. A cocoon is
made of moth.
A chrysalis is the pupa of a buterfly.
In the last stage, the insect is finally an
adult.
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From Caterpillar to Butterfly
Larva
Pupa
Chrysalis
Emerging butterfly
Monarch butterfly
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Metamorphosis Comparison


Complete
Incomplete
Occurs in four stages
Young insect looks like the adult
egg larva pupa adult
Insect grows bigger and bigger
Insect's appearance changes completely
As the insect grows, it sheds its exoskeleton
Young insect looks nothing like the adult

Occurs in butterflies and moths
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Incomplete Metamorphosis
Incomplete metamorphosis happens in
grasshoppers, termites, and dragonflies.
In incomplete metamorphosis, young animals
that look like the adult hatch from eggs.
As the young animals grow, they keep molting,
shedding their exoskeletons, and getting larger.
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Insect Behavior
Most insects live alone. But, some insects are
social and cannot survive alone.
These insects live in colonies or hives.
A colony is a group of insects living
together. The insect do differents job and are
very organized
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Insect Behavior
An amazing example of a colony is a beehive.
A beehive is very organized colonies of bees.
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Insects' Defense
All insects must protect themselves.
Bees and wasps have stingers to protect
themselves.
Many other insects use camouflage.
Camouflage allows an insect to hide by blending
in with their environment
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Aquatic Insects
10 aquatic orders 5 have larvae that are
almost entirely aquatic Ephemeroptera Odonata
Plecoptera Trichoptera Megaloptera 5 are
partially aquatic Heteroptera Coleoptera Dip
tera Lepidoptera Neuroptera
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Thanks
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Structured Task

• Buat paper tentang aquatic Insects
• Berdasarkan literatur yang diakui (teks book,
  jurnal atau review)
• Dilengkapi dengan gambar
• Perorangan minimal 5 lembar
• Dikirim ke email maksimal 1 minggu