SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA

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SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA

• INCLUDES ALL INSECTS
• CLASS INSECTA

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Entomology

• THE STUDY OF INSECTS AND THEIR NEAR RELATIVES
• Entomologists classify insects into more than 25
  orders based on characteristics such as
• Structure of mouthparts
• Number of wings
• Type of development

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What You Should Know About Insects
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Taxonomy

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Arthropoda
• Class - Insecta

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Insects Are Arthropods

• Insects are the largest group of Arthropods
• Jointed appendages (bendable)
• Segmented bodies
• Exoskeleton of Chitin that must be molted to grow
• Related to spiders, ticks, scorpions, millipedes,
  crustaceans

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MAIN CHARACTERISTICS

• Three body regions head, thorax, and abdomen
• One pair antenna (head)
• Six legs or 3 pairs (thorax)
• One-two pairs of wings (thorax)

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Count the Legs!
There are ALWAYS SIX legs, and they are attached
to the THORAX
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Antenna

• One Pair on head
• Jointed
• Sensory (smell)
• Called feelers
• Filiform most common shape (segments size)
• May be modified

FILIFORM
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Antenna Modifications
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Wings or No Wings

• Most adults have 2 pairs
• Called forewings and hindwings
• Some insects are wingless (silverfish, fleas,
  some termites and ants)

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More on Wings
A network of Veins strengthens wings
MEMBRANEOUS (clear) WINGS
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Some Wings Are Covered With Powdery Scales
BUTTERFLIES MOTHS
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Wings May Be Modified

• Order Diptera (flies)
• 2nd pair of wings modified into HALTERES
• Used for balance
• Makes flies hard to catch!

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Beetle Wings
ELYTRA

• Hard Forewing called Elytra
• Meet in straight line down the abdomen
• Membranous hindwings folded underneath (flight)

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CIRCLE THE INSECTS
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Class Insecta Review ?s Set 1

• 1. Id the 3 body regions of insects.
• 2. What is the most common shape of antenna?
  Sketch.
• 3. Define entomology.
• 4. What characteristics are used to classify
  insects into orders?
• 5. What is the function of antennae?
• 6. What are the modified wings that provide
  balance for flies?
• 7. How many LEGS are found on insects? Pairs?
• 8. Id describe the 2 types of wings on a beetle
  and sketch a pic.
• 9. How many insect orders are identified?
• 10. Sketch the 3 body regions of an insect
  label.

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INSECT ORDERS
INSECTS WITH WINGS
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Why Cant I Call All of Them Bugs?

• EVERY BUG is an insect, but NOT ALL INSECTS are
  bugs!
• True BUGS are in the Order HEMIPTERA
• Posterior thorax is triangular called SCUTELLUM
• Last 3rd of wing CLEAR
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vWfKCcSPCOQo

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Which of these are BUGS?
ALL
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More Hemipterans
Assassin Bug
Water Boatman
Giant Water Bug
Leaf Hopper
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Coleoptera

• Called beetles
• Tough exoskeleton
• Forewings called Elytra
• Fly with membranous hindwings
• Larva called grubs

Cucumber beetle
Ladybird beetle
Rhinoceros beetle
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Ephemeroptera

• Called Mayflies
• Juveniles are aquatic called naiads
• Adults found near water dont feed
• Adults reproduce die in 24 hours
• Soft bodies with 2 long Ceri (tail fibers)

ADULT
NAIAD
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Diptera

• Contains mosquitoes flies
• One pair functional wings
• Club-shaped halteres for balance
• Bodies often hairy insulation / ssensory

Green Bottle fly
Hover Fly
Fruit Fly
Aedes Mosquito
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Dermaptera

• Called earwigs
• Long, flat bodies
• Forceps (pincers) on end of abdomen
• Short, hard forewings (membranous wings folded
  underneath
• Large jaws (mandibles) on head

PINCERS
EARWIG EATING CATERPILLAR
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Orthoptera

• Grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, katydids
• Very long bodies
• Rear legs modified for jumping
• Females with egg laying tube (ovipositor on end
  of abdomen)
• Often communicate with chirping sounds

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Lepidoptera

• Moths, butterflies, skippers
• Siphoning mouthparts coiled under head
• Powdery scales on wings
• Butterflies fold wings flat above body at rest
• Moths are night active
• Important plant pollinators

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Neuroptera

• Lacewings
• Net veined wings
• Small, delicate insects
• Long antenna
• Predators on other insects
• May feed on nectar
• Females lay eggs suspended in the air by
  individual strands of silk
• Predators do not see the eggs because of their
  suspension

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Thysanoptera

• Thrips
• Two pairs of fringed wings
• Feed on plant sap

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Isoptera

• Termites
• Live in colonies
• Feed on wood
• Soft bodies short antenna
• Castes workers, soldiers, kings, and queen

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Mecoptera

• Scorpion flies
• Last abdominal segments curved like scorpion
• Two pairs of narrow wings
• Head elongated into a beak (rostrum)
• Long antenna

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Homoptera
Aphids

• Cicadas, leaf hoppers, wingless aphids
• If wings present, held roof like over body
  membranous
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts

Cicada
Leafhopper
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Odonata

• Dragonflies damselflies
• Dragonflies hold clear wings spread perpendicular
  to body at rest
• Damselflies hold clear wings together over
  abdomen

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Plecoptera

• Stoneflies
• Aquatic nymphs
• Aerial adults are short lived
• Make drumming sound to find mates

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Hymenoptera

• Bees, ants, wasps
• Narrow waist connects thorax abdomen
• Abdomen curved downward
• May have stinger on end of abdomen

Carpenter bee
Red ant
Yellow jacket
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Hornet cooked by bees

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vK6m40W1s0Wcfeature
  related

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Blattodea

• Cockroaches (active pests)
• American cockroach-common largest species
• Actually not native to America
• Brought over on shipping vessels

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Phasmida

• Stick leaf insects
• Walking sticks common
• Very camouflaged
• With and without wings
• Generally nocturnal
• Feed on shrubs and trees
• Stick insects world wide (warm)
• Leaf insects- rare (Australia)

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Mantodea

• Praying mantis
• Named for praying resemblance
• Preys on insects
• Many species will stand tall spread forelegs
  and fan out wings to appear larger when threatened

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Insecta Review ?s set 2

• 11. What 2 characteristics signify a TRUE bug?
  What order are true bugs?
• 12. Differentiate the life span of a juvenile
  mayfly and that of an adult. Order?
• 13. Why is the Rhinoceros Beetle unique?
• 14. How are Lepidopterans important to plants?
• 15. What is unique about the 2nd pair of wings on
  a fly? Order?
• 16. What advantage do lacewings have for egg
  laying? Order?
• 17. Identify the 4 castes of termites. Order?
• 18. Describe the head of a scorpion fly. Order?
• 19. Differentiate the wings of a dragonfly and a
  damselfly. Order?
• 20. How are the wings of a cicada held? Order?

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INSECT ORDERS
WINGLESS INSECTS
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Thysanura

• Called Silverfish
• Found around houses or outside under stones or
  wood
• Fast runners
• Damage books
• Secretive and active at night.
• Flat, long bodies
• Long antennae
• Three, long, tail like appendages

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Siphonaptera

• Fleas
• Ectoparasites
• Bodies laterally compressed
• Enlarged hind jumping legs
• Very short antenna

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http//www.youtube.com/watch?v9fzb16Bl1Dk
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Collembola

• Called springtails
• Small soft bodied
• Furcula (jumping mechanism) on abdomen
• Furcula folds under the body at rest
• Found in decaying plant material

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Anoplura

• Sucking lice
• Singular louse
• Parasites of mammals
• Very small
• Head and body lice are examples
• Attracted to childrens fine hair
• Carry disease
• Slow moving
• Suck blood have mouth parts specifically for
  that function
• There are specific species of human lice

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Mallophaga

• Biting lice
• External parasites on birds mammals
• Broad head flattened body
• Feed on dead skin, feathers, and fur
• Move quickly
• Mouth parts specifically for chewing

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Metamorphosis
CHANGE IN FORM FROM EGG TO ADULT
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Incomplete
INCOMPLETEMETAMORPHOSIS
Insects change shape gradually!
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CompleteMetamorphosis
Four stages that all look different
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Amorphic Insects
Springtails
Silverfish
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Insects with Complete Metamorphosis
EGG ? LARVA ? PUPA ? ADULT

• Coleoptera (beetles)
• Hymenoptera (bees, ants, wasps)
• Diptera (flies)Lepidoptera (butterflies)

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Insects with Incomplete Metamorphosis
EGG ? NYMPH ? ADULT

• Siphonaptera (fleas)
• Isoptera (termites)
• Orthoptera (grasshoppers crickets)
• Hemiptera (true bugs)
• Homoptera (cicadas hoppers)

Wings NOT fully developed
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FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY

• the application and study of insect and other
  arthropod biology to criminal matters
• primarily associated with death investigations
• however it may also be used to
• detect drugs and poisons
• determine the location of an incident
• the length of a period of neglect in the elderly
  or children
• the presence and time of the infliction of wounds

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vC2YNmdPNG_Afeature
results_videoplaynext1listPLBF49F173D4A67E05
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