Against Utilitarianism

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Against Utilitarianism

• By Bernard Williams

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?????(consequentialism)

• (?)???????????????
• (?)????(states of affairs)??????,??????????????,?
  ????????????????,???????????

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??????(negative responsibility)

• (?)?????????????,???????????????,???????????????
• (?)?????????(principle of impartiality)?????
• (?)?????(Jim?George???)?????????

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?????????

• (?)?????????
• (1)????,?????????????????????,???????????????,?
  ????????,?????????????
• (2)????????????,??????????????????????????,??????
  ??????????

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?????????

• (3)??????????????????,???????????????,???????????
  ??????????????????,???????????????

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?????????

• (4)????????????????,?????????????????????????????
  ???????????????,??????????

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?????????

• (5)???????????????????????,???????????????
• (6)??????????????????????

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?????????

• (?)?????(precedent effect)??????????????(????),??
  ????????????,????????

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???????(integrity)

• (?)??????Jim?????????,???Jim???(project)??Pedro,??
  ?Pedro?????Jim????
• (?)????????????????????,?????????????????????,????
  ???????????????,??????(commitment)?

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???????(integrity)

• (?)???????????????,???????????????,????,?????????
  ??????????????????????????????????,??????????

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???????(integrity)

• (?)?????????????????????,?????????????????,??????
  ????????????,?????????????????????,???????????????