Cell Structure and function

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Cell Structure and function
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Eukaryotic Cell Structure

• What are the major cell structures?
• What are their functions?

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www.cellsalive.com www.learngenetics.utah (cell
link).

• Reinforce your knowledge of organelles by playing
  the games and completing the activities at the
  websites posted

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In the human body, organs perform specialized
jobs. For example, the heart transports blood.
In cells, tiny ___________ carry out specialized
jobs.

1. tissues
2. Organ systems
3. organelles
4. Organ systems

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What is the function of the mitochondria?

1. Make lipids
2. Make proteins
3. Control the cell
4. Make energy

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What is the function of ribosomeS?

1. Make lipids
2. Make proteins
3. Control the cell
4. Package and transport materials

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Which of the following organelles are found only
in plant cells?

1. Mitochondria
2. Chloroplast
3. Golgi apparatus
4. Lysosomes

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Which of the following cells do not have nuclei?

1. Plant
2. Animal
3. Eukaryote
4. Prokaryote

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Where is dna located in a eukaryotic cell?

1. Mitochondria
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm
4. Golgi Apparatus

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All cells have

1. Nucleus
2. Endoplasmic reticulum
3. Cell Wall
4. Cell Membrane

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How well do you know the organelles and their
functions?

1. I can recall all of the organelles, their
   functions, where they are in the cell and how
   they work together.
2. I can recall all of the organelles but am unclear
   on how some of them work.
3. I remember the names of many organelles but dont
   know their functions.
4. I only remember a few organelles.

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Describe the differences, similarities and
evolutionary links between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
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Describe the differences, similarities and
evolutionary links between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Both
No nucleus Smaller and simpler cells No membrane bound organelles Most primitive form of life on Earth Example bacteria Nucleus Larger and more complex cells Have membrane bound organelles Examples Plants Animals Fungi Protists single celled (unicellular) organisms Living things DNA Ribosomes Cytoplasm Cell membrane
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Describe the differences, similarities and
evolutionary links between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
List four things that are different between
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Put these
differences in order from most important to least
important.
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What is a membrane bound structure that contains
genetic material and controls many of the cells
activities?

1. Prokaryote
2. Eukaryote
3. Nucleus
4. Cell membrane

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Which of the following cells do not contain a
nucleus?

1. Animal cell
2. Plant cell
3. Bacterial cell

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Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

1. have a nucleus
2. have DNA
3. have membrane bound organelles
4. are the same size

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True or false? Eukaryotes are cells that do not
have a nucleus.

1. True
2. False

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Which type of eukaryotes are often single celled
(unicellular)?

1. bacteria
2. protists
3. Fungi like yeasts molds
4. Mushroom-bearing fungi
5. Plants like trees
6. Animals like brine shrimp or small insects

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How well do you know the differences between
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

1. I can recall and explain all of the major
   differences and similarities.
2. I can list all of the major differences and
   similarities.
3. I only know a few major differences or
   similarities.
4. I dont remember the differences between these
   two types of cells.

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Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles,
including nuclei, in their cells. Eukaryote
cells contain membrane bound organelles in the
cells

• Prokaryote eukaryote
• Naked DNA DNA in membrane bound nucleus
• Ribosomes ribosomes
• Cytoplasm cytoplasm (cytosol)
• Cytoskeleton cytoskeleton
• Plasma membrane plasma membrane
• Cell wall (some) Cell wall (some protists, all
  plants, fungi)
• Flagella cilia (some) flagella cilia (some)
• All golgi, smooth rough endoplasmic
  reticulum, vesicles, vacuoles,
  lysosomes or peroxisomes,
  mitochondria some chloroplasts

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Animals and plants are always multicellular with
specialized (they look different function
differently) cells. Most protists are
unicellular organisms, although some are colonial
(cells are clumped together but do not depend on
each other or do specialized jobs)

• Cells in a leaf
  cells in gut
• Yeasts, molds (fungi) mushroom
  protists

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Which type of eukaryotes are often single celled
(unicellular)?

1. bacteria
2. protists
3. Fungi like yeasts molds
4. Mushroom-bearing fungi
5. Plants like trees
6. Animals like brine shrimp or small insects

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Note these drawings of animal and plant cells.
Which does NOT have a cell wall outside its
plasma membrane? Fungi also have cell
walls so do some protists and some bacteria.
Cells walls are made of cellulose in
plants, chitin in fungi, peptidoglycan in
eubacteria. Cell walls extra
support extra protection for cells.
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Cell walls protect cells from bursting and
provide them support against pressure (so they
dont get crushed). Which kingdom (the only
one) NEVER has cell walls?

1. Animal
2. Archaebacteria
3. Eubacteria
4. Fungi
5. Protists
6. plants

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The job of a cell wall is to

1. Protect and provide support
2. Allow cells to photosynthesize
3. Surround the cytoplasm

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Cell walls in plants are made out of?

1. chitin
2. cellulose
3. Phospholipid bilayers
4. Peptidoglycan
5. proteins

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Which structure is found in (specific to)a plant
cell,but not an animal cell.

1. Chloroplasts
2. lysosomes
3. mitochondria
4. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
5. Smooth ER (SER)
6. Cell walls

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Which is the organelle that holds thecells DNA
(its genome) and is the control center of the
cell?

1. centriole
2. mitochondria
3. nucleolus
4. Nucleus
5. cytoplasm

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What molecules inside the nucleus allow it to
serve as the cells control center?

1. DNA
2. carbohydrates
3. proteins
4. Lipids
5. RNA

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When DNA in the nucleus is only visible as
grains or tangled strands, it is called

1. chromosomes
2. chromatin
3. nucleolus
4. Nuclear pores

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When DNA is wrapped around _________called
histones, it is called chromatin. When
chromatin is packed tightly enough to be
visible, it is called a chromosome.

1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. Nucleic acids

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When you view eukaryotic cells vialight
microscopy, you see a small dark, denseregion
inside the nucleus. It is called the

1. ribosome
2. nucleolus
3. nucleoplasm
4. Nuclear membrane
5. Nuclear pore

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These organelles are assembled in nucleoli.

1. golgi
2. ribosomes
3. vacuoles
4. lysosomes

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The nuclear envelope is made of a double layer of
___________ surrounding the nucleus.

1. proteins
2. Nucleic acids
3. carbohydrates
4. phospholipids

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The structure composed of a networkof protein
filaments whose job is supporting the cells
shape, allowing cell movement, moving
organelles inside the cell is the

1. Cell membrane
2. Cell wall
3. Cytoskeleton
4. Cilium, flagellum

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Match the cytoskeletal protein filamentsto their
correct functions

1. Microtubules, form flagella, cilia centrioles,
   while actin microfilaments allow cells to change
   shape like during cytokinesis or amoebas
   extending pseudopodia
2. Actin microfilaments, form flagella, cilia
   centrioles
3. Microtubules, attach to cell membranes to allow
   cells to move with pseudopodia (false feet)

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What is the difference between Roughendoplasmic
reticulum (RER) and SER?

1. SER is used to transport material from place to
   place inside the cell
2. RER is used to transport material from place to
   place inside the cell
3. SER is a tube made of cell membrane
4. Ribosomes attached to RER inject proteins into
   it, then enzymes modify the proteins.

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Which is true of peroxisomes lysosomes?

1. Contain enzymes to make lipids
2. Break down recycle old cell structures
   contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest lipids,
   carbohydrates proteins
3. Modify proteins
4. Store genetic information

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Ribosomes

1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates
2. Attach carbohydrate lipid chains to
   proteins--marking them for export to the cell
   membranelooks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food
4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct
   components of membranes modify proteins
5. Are membrane sacs used for storage
6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions
7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes
   used to break down food to smaller particles or
   to recycle worn out organelles.

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates
2. Attach carbohydrate lipid chains to
   proteins--marking them for export to the cell
   membranelooks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food
4. Are membrane tubes whose enzymes construct
   components of membranes (SER) or modify proteins
   (RER)
5. Are membrane sacs used for storage
6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions
7. Are membrane sacs filled w/ digestive enzymes
   used to break down food to smaller particles or
   to recycle worn out organelles.

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Golgi apparatus

1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates
2. Attach carbohydrate lipid chains to
   proteins--marking them for export to final
   destinationslooks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food
4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct
   components of membranes modify proteins
5. Are membrane sacs used for storage
6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions
7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes
   used to break down food to smaller particles or
   to recycle worn out organelles.

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Lysosomes

1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates
2. Attach carbohydrate lipid chains to
   proteins--marking them for export to the cell
   membranelooks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food
4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct
   components of membranes modify proteins
5. Are membrane sacs used for storage
6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions
7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes
   used to break down food to smaller particles or
   to recycle worn out organelles.

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Vacuoles

1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates
2. Attach carbohydrate lipid chains to
   proteins--marking them for export to the cell
   membranelooks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food
4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct
   components of membranes modify proteins
5. Are membrane sacs used for storage
6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions
7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes
   used to break down food to smaller particles or
   to recycle worn out organelles.

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Chloroplasts

1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates
2. Attach carbohydrate lipid chains to
   proteins--marking them for export to final
   destinationslooks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food
4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct
   components of membranes modify proteins
5. Are membrane sacs used for storage
6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions
7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes
   used to break down food to smaller particles or
   to recycle worn out organelles.

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Mitochondria

1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates
2. Attach carbohydrate lipid chains to
   proteins--marking them for export to final
   destinationslooks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food
4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct
   components of membranes modify proteins
5. Are membrane sacs used for storage
6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions
7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes
   used to break down food to smaller particles or
   to recycle worn out organelles.

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What cells contain chloroplasts, organelles that
carry out photosynthesis?

1. autotrophic bacteria
2. Plants plant like protists
3. Animals animal like protists
4. Fungi fungal like protists

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True or False. Mitochondria chloroplasts are
surrounded by a singlecell membrane.

1. true
2. false

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What two organelles contain theirown genetic
information in the form of smallcircular DNA
molecules called plasmids?

1. Golgi, nucleoi
2. Mitochondria, chloroplasts
3. RER, SER
4. Centrioles, flagella

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Endosymbiotic theory states thatthe ___________
___________ likely arose through evolution of
ancient prokaryotes thatescaped digestion after
being eatenby ancient animal-like bacteria.

1. Nuclei nucleoli
2. RER, SER
3. Flagella, cilia
4. Chloroplasts, mitochondria

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Cells are like factories

• Cytoskeletonsupports structure provides ramps
  for moving material like steel beams
• Nucleuscontrol center due to the DNAthe main
  office
• Ribosomemakes proteins using blueprints from DNA
  (like a machine in a factory)
• Golgi/ERmodify proteins, like a customization
  shop
• Chloroplastsprovide energy from sun, a solar
  power plant
• Mitochondriaprovide energy cell uses directly by
  breaking down glucose (like an oil burning
  furnace)

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If you order an automobile with special paint,
its added in the factoryscustomization
department. What cell organelles serve this
customizationfunction for proteins?

1. Nucleus, nucleolus
2. Mitochondria, vacuoles
3. RER, golgi

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find organelles in plant and animal cells with
these diagrams
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Why do plants contain a large central vacuole
that can fill with water?

1. To store water for use when the soil is dry
2. To support the weight of the plant (turgor
   pressure)
3. Both 1 3

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What cell organelles store materials like water,
lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and salts?

1. vacuoles
2. vesicles
3. golgi
4. mitochondria

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In the animal-like protist, Paramecium,which
organelle pumps out excess water to prevent the
cell from bursting?

1. Cell wall
2. Central vacuole
3. Contractile vacuole

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What type of molecule, in addition to ribosomal
proteins, makes up a ribosome?

1. DNA
2. rRNA
3. lipid
4. Carbohydrate
5. steroid

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What is the job of a mitochondrian?

1. Convert light energy to chemical energy
2. Store carbohydrates
3. Break down recycle wastes
4. Convert chemical energy in food to chemical
   energy in a form useable by cells, ATP

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Which cells contain mitochondria?

1. Prokaryotic cells
2. Animal cells
3. Plant cells
4. Fungal cells
5. Protist cells
6. Cells in all eukaryotic kingdoms

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What cells contain chloroplasts?

1. Photosynthetic bacteria
2. Plants plant like protists
3. Animals animal like protists
4. Fungi fungal like protists

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True or false. Cells that are involved in
detoxification have lots of SER because this
network of tubes contains the enzymes used to
degrade toxins.

• True (e.g., in the liver)

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True or false cells making large amounts of
proteins (like hormones) for export would have
large amounts or RER and golgi.

• True.
• This targets the molecules in transport vesicles
  to the membrane for exocytosis.

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Which organelles are really extensions of the
cytoskeleton (made of microtubules) that slide
via action of motor proteins and allow cells to
move?

• Ciliasmallerusually present in high numbers
• Flagellalongerusually present alone or in pairs.

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Peroxisomes are organelles that contain hydrogen
peroxide. This strong oxidizing agent breaks up
materials for cell defense (like ingested
bacteria or viruses). The enzyme peroxidase
(catalase) in the cytoplasm of cells with
peroxisomes serves to neutralize any peroxide
that escapes.