The Incorporation of America

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The Second Industrial Revolution
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What was the Second Industrial Revolution?

• First IR 1750-1830 in England
• Second IR 1850-1870s throughout Europe
• Rather than textiles railroads, this focused
  around new modern industries
• Chemicals
• Steel
• Electricity
• Oil
• Automobiles (end of the century)

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What was New?

• Banks determined investment priorities, not
  individuals
• 2nd IR not isolated to one country GB, Germany
  USA took the lead
• Germanys emergence as major economic power
  coincided with emergence as political factor

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Relative Share of World Manufacturing
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What was newPart 2

• Built upon the society and technology that
  emerged from the First IR
• More emphasis upon science technology
• Often pioneering work done by large firms, not
  private entrepreneurs
• Growth of white collar workers

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Social Results of Industrialization

• Population growth of 17th C. became an explosion
  in the 18th C.
• 1800-1850 40 population increase
• 1850-1900 50 population increase
• 266 million to 401 million
• Europeans were 25 of the world population
• Began to leave Europe and head to the Americas,
  Africa, Asia Australia

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Urbanization

• Greatest social result of the IR
• Previous to IR, vast majority of people lived on
  farms
• After IR, vast majority of people lived in cities
• Pros new ideas flourish, creativity increased,
  education possible for all
• Cons traditional social bonds dissolved, people
  become alienated

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The Urban Environment

• Conditions in cities were bad before the IR, but
  new population pressures industries intensifies
  filth and disease
• Open sewers
• Cholera disease affect middle class, too
• House of Commons had to be closed due to stink
  from the River Thames
• 1840s Public Health movements lead to greater
  role for government

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Medical Breakthroughs

• Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) discovers bacterial in
  1868

• Joseph Lister (1827-1912) began sterilizing
  wounds, stopping death from septicemia

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Housing

• Tenements were crowded, badly built, had poor
  sanitation
• Usually 200 people ? 1 toilet
• Crowded near factories due to absence of public
  transportation

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Urban Planning

• Mid-19th Century efforts at urban planning and
  improvements in public transportation allowed
  people to live away from work
• Paris as the model ?Baron Haussman

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Class Structures

• Despite increased wealth, there continued to be a
  great disparity of wealth
• Richest 5 had 1/3 of national income
• Richest 20 had 50-60 of natl. income
• Increased total wealth led to a complicated class
  system, with many levels

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Social Groups Who Lost Ground

• Rural Aristocracy gradually lost power in GB,
  France Low Countries retained power in Russia
  Germany until 20th C.
• Peasants as populations moved into cities, rural
  peasants became more marginalized

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New Social Classes Created by the IR

• Factory Owners easy mobility resulted in large
  numbers
• By mid-19th century they sought to assimilate
  with the old ruling classes
• Bought titles
• Sent children to private schools
• Working Class (Proletariat) resulted from
  massive of people moving into the cities,
  selling their labor, not products

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The New Middle Class

• Urban Middle Class 20 of city population
• Capitalist Bourgeoisie owned factories, sought
  to copy the aristocracy
• Professional Middle Class merchants, lawyers,
  doctors, engineers
• Increased power and importance as knowledge-based
  skills come to the fore in society
• Lower Middle Class (new class) dentists,
  teachers, nurses
• Typically identified with MC values though wealth
  was equal to that of WC

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Middle Class Culture

• Lots of to spend onfood
• Use of servants
• Good homes
• Values hard work, education, religion
• Insecurity about social and economic position
• Try to climb higher on the ladder
• Led to many of the 20th Centurys political
  problems

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The Working Class

• Proletariat (80) of urban population
• Means workers for wages, who do not own means of
  production
• Aristocracy of labor highly skilled craftsmen ?
  printers, masons, foremen
• Always under pressure from new technology
• Semi-skilled labor bricklayers, pipefitters
• Unskilled labor factory workers, domestic
  servants

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Working Class Culture

• Hard life meant emphasis upon fun
• Drinking, sports, racing, music halls
• Religion was more or less irrelevant to the
  working classes, though many continued to be
  baptized
• In Europe, churches tended to be seen as tools to
  preserve the status quo

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Family Life Sex
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MarriageThe Triumph of Romantic Love

• Pre-marital sex illegitimate births increased
  until 1850
• Illegitimate births decrease after 1850
• Stabilization of working class
• Contraception was available
• Higher tendency to marry once woman got pregnant

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The Family

• MC WC kinship ties remained strong
• Source of support welfare
• Family no longer a unit of production but becomes
  a unit of consumption
• Adult male as breadwinner reinforced male
  authority in the home

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Women Work

• Pre-Industrial pattern of working MC women
  disappears
• Less need for their labor due to machines
  higher salaries of husbands
• As women are excluded, idea develops that women
  unable to work as effectively as men
• Ideal develops of womans place at home, cooking
  and providing for the husband and family

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Children

• Parent-child relationship based upon love
• Fewer children lower death rate each child
  valued more
• Birthrate fell to maximize economic position
• Children controlled and repressed by parents
  society

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Sexuality

• MC developed a distinct sexual ideology
  separation of family from the rest of life
• Cult of Domesticity order and naturalness

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Sexuality

• Putting women on pedestal gave domestic power,
  but reduced overall role in society
• Use of restrictive clothing emphasized the
  sexuality of women
• Bustles
• Girdles

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Sexuality

• Women seen as either a mother or a whore
• Especially strong among urban men who had a wife
  family as well as high availability of
  prostitutes

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Men Women

• Prostitution was very common
• 30,000 prostitutes in London by end of century
• Poverty of many opportunity for wealthy men to
  buy sex