Political Institutions

1
Political Institutions

• AP Comparative Government
• Unit IV Part 1

2
ReviewDefinition State

• A state is a political association with effective
  sovereignty over a geographic area.
• These may be nation states or sub-national
  states, or in some cases supernational
  organizations.

3
The Foundation of the State

• The STATE
• Most dominant political unit
• No higher authority

4
Political Institutionsand Structures

• Key Questions
• Who are the rulers?
• What are the rules to control them?
• Who controls AND WHY?
• How are they Controlled?
• WHO DO THEY CONTROL?

5
Institutions in a State

• A state usually includes
• A set of institutions that claim the authority to
  make the rules that govern the exercise of
  coercive violence for the people of the society
  in that territory
• Status as a state often depends in part on being
  recognized by a number of other states as having
  internal and external sovereignty over it.

6
How Do States Gain and Keep Control?

• Four theories
• By Force
• By Evolution
• By Divine Right
• Through Social Contract
• Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu

7
Review from AP Government

• Political Institutions
• Executive Branch
• Can also include the Military
• Can also include the Bureaucracy
• Legislative Branch
• Judicial Branch

• Linking Institutions
• Political Parties
• Interest Groups
• The Media

8
The Executive Branch

• Head of State
• President
• Dictator
• Monarch
• Head of Government
• Prime Minister
• Premier
• Chancellor

9
Head of State or Chief of State

• Usually serves as the chief public representative
  of a monarchic or republican nation-state,
  federation, commonwealth or any other political
  state.
• His or her role generally includes personifying
  the continuity and legitimacy of the state and
  exercising the political powers, functions and
  duties granted the head of state in the country's
  laws and constitution.

10
Head of State or Chief of State

• Charles de Gaulle described the role he envisaged
  for the French president when he wrote the modern
  French constitution.
• He said the head of state should embody "the
  spirit of the nation" for the nation itself and
  the world une certaine idée de la France (a
  certain idea about France).
• Today many countries expect their head of state
  to embody national values in a similar fashion

11
Head of Government

• The Head of Government is the chief officer of
  the executive branch of a government, often
  presiding over a cabinet.
• Is the Leader of the Government
• Process functions includes
• Initiates/sets policy
• Domestic and Foreign
• Enhances policy
• Enforcement of policy

12
Head of Government AND State

• In presidential republics or monarchies, the head
  of government may be the same person as the head
  of state, who is often a president (of the
  republic) or a monarch.
• Example The United States

13
Functions of Executive

• Leader of State
• Communicator of State Ideals
• Implementation of Policy
• Dynamism
• Sets pace and enhances political structure

14
Executives as Bureaucrats

• Functions
• Enforcement of laws, implement rules
• Monopolizes outputs
• Elaborates policy
• Adjudicates policy
• Spokesperson for special interest group
• Interest aggregation
• Communication function
• Is it responsive?

15
How Can Executive Power be Controlled?

• Through Checks and Balances!
• These agents of Control include
• Voting (where this is available)
• Approval of budgets
• Investigative Courts
• Mass media reports
• Interest groups
• Internal advisory commissions
• Whistle blowers

16
The Legislative Branch

• An assembly of elected representatives
• 75 of 180 states have one
• Congress
• Chamber
• Diets
• Parliament
• House of Commons
• Majiles
• Elected by popular vote
• Accountable
• Legitimate

Russian Duma
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Nations with bicameral legislatures.      Nations
with unicameral legislatures.      No legislature
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Functions of Legislative Branch

• Enact Legislation
• Debating Forum
• Amend Legislation
• Formulation of policy
• Input comes from outside
• the voters

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ReviewHow is Power Balanced Between the
Executive and Legislative Branches?

• Presidential Systems
• Separation of powers between Executive and
  Legislative branches
• May be Dictatorship or Democracy
• May be
• Direct
• Indirect Representative Govt

• Parliamentary Systems
• Merger of Executive and legislative branches with
  a PM selected by the majority party
• Also may be Dictatorship or Democracy
• May be
• Direct
• Indirect Representative

21
The Judicial Branch

• Courts establish the Rule of Law for the
  society
• Court system is based on who possesses the
  legitimate power of the government.
• Authoritarian systems drive the judicial process.
• Democratic systems will have checks and balances
  that will separate the three branches.

22
Classifying Institutions and Structures

• Key Questions
• Who/which institution is in control?
• Why are they in control?
• How do they control?
• When did it occur?
• How does it work?
• Are there checks/balances?
• How does it work?
• If not why not?
• Are there rules to control the dominant player?
• Who made the rules? When?
• Do they work?

23
What major institution holds the key in Great
Britain?
24
British Government Traditions

• Who Should Govern? What should Government Do?
• Trusteeship Theory
• The governments job is to govern
• Best interests of the masses
• Interest Group Theory- Collectivism
• Balance the needs of the people
• Loyalty Prevails England First
• Individualist Theory
• Parties should represent people rather than
  organized groups
• The Unions shall prevail attitude was
  dismantled by the New Labour

25
British Government Traditions

• The PM Connection to the Crown
• The PM is the "Head of Her Majesty's Government"
• Queen provides Formal assent to all laws passed
  in Parliament
• An age-old tradition of approval
• No criticism of Parliament from Crown in public
  is allowed
• The Crown can dissolve Parliament
• Hasnt been done since 1834

26
What about this no Constitution business?

• The UK constitution is not in a single, written
  document, but is drawn from legislation,
  treaties, judicial precedents, convention, and
  numerous other sources.
• Two Basic Rules
• The Rule of Law
• The Supremacy of Parliament

27
Great Britain Government

• A unitary government
• A melding of the Executive and Legislative
  branches
• Parliament
• A deliberate assembly of one nation for one
  interest, that of the whole -- more ceremonial
  than efficient or effective
• Fact -- The Executive Branch can secure every
  passage of its legislation
• 97 of Whitehalls bills are passed!

28
British Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister
I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears,
and sweat- Winston Churchill

• David Cameron
• Conservative Party ( Tories)
• Nick Clegg
• Liberal Democrats

Being prime minister is a lonely job... you
cannot lead from the crowd. Margaret Thatcher
29
The Prime Minister

• Prime Minister
• First Among Equals
• Party leader
• Chairman of cabinet
• Major campaigner of policy
• Patronage - vital weapon
• selects all 20 cabinet members
• Selects Cabinet
• secures the close union and complete fusion of
  the executive and legislative branches
• Majority party dictates

30
GBs Prime Minister

• PM needs cabinet support, not electorate.
• Apex of unitary government but cabinet positions
  are not fixed. . .
• PMs Power determined by events of state
• HE HAS TO WATCH OUT FOR THE SHADOW CABINET
  (THATS THE MINORITY PARTYS LEADERSHIP
• Goal - maintain a good government . . . no matter
  what the posting.

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The Power of Whitehall

• Insures that the governments position is passed
• Superior political power and flexibility
• No constitution to inhibit but rules by
  constitutional principles

Whitehall pictured in 2012, with The Cenotaph and
Monument to the Women of World War II in the
middle of the street, and the clock tower housing
Big Ben in the background.
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Whitehall Bigwigs
The Home Office was born out of the barrel of a
gun. It was created to prevent public disorder
after troops shot dead nearly 300 people after
rioting... in 1780

• Home Office
• Home Secretary
• The Foreign Office
• Foreign Secretary
• Treasury
• Chancellor of the Exchequer

Teresa May
"The India Office is a miniature Government in
itself.
William Hague
The Chancellor of the Exchequer isentrusted
with a certain amount of misery which it is his
duty to distribute as fairly as he can."
George Osborne
34
The House of Commons

• 650 members
• Led by a speaker- John Bercow since 2009
• Term of office -- 5 years MAX
• Division of power between the majority and the
  minority.
• Party Line whip
• Goal -- Dont hurt the party
• Its function is to approve policy, not make
  policy

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Legislating in the UK

• MPs in House of Commons deliberate and debate
  the details of policy. . . not what policy but
  how to implement the policy
• Purpose is to discuss legislation, not make it. .
  .
• Legislation is made in Whitehall.

37
Debate in House of Commons

• Debates express moods of HC.
• If legislation passes, debate was effective.
• Debate functions to weigh ones peers.
• Debates allow minority to scrutinize
  administration
• If the populous doesnt like it. . . they can
  seek out the ombudsman to express dissent

38
Ministers of ParliamentMPs

• MPs are used to feel out legislation
  Publicize the issues!
• Articulate political ideas debating forum
• H of C is a place to mobilize support
• MP is not a legislator
• Cant go against party line
• Can oversee how the bureaucracy manages policy
  endeavors
• Has oversight function

39
The House of Lords

• A hereditary body formerly with inherited seats
• Can initiate or amend legislation
• Not elected. . . Selected
• Not a cross-section of representation
• Appointed peers hold office
• The inherited hereditary seat holders were
  abolished 1999
• The law lords were made up of HC retirees, all
  appointed
• Was considered Supreme Court of Great Britain
  until 2009

40
The House of Lords

• Power is limited
• Delay commons enactments up to a year . . . but
  no veto power
• Always conservative body made up of retired
  MPs who are favored by PM

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The Cabinet

• Secures the close union and complete fusion of
  the executive and legislative branches
• Apex of unitary government
• Cabinet positions are not fixed
• Majority party dictates
• PM needs cabinet support, not electorate.
• Power determined by events of state
• Goal of Cabinet
• To maintain a good government . . . no matter
  what the posting.
• PM must watch out for the Shadow Cabinet
• The Minority Partys Leadership

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Parliament- Policy Making

• Good policy is one that government finds
  acceptable to administer and publicly defend
• Lawmaking is resource of the government.
• Parliament averages only 85 bills per year
• Most legislation updates old laws
• Taxes
• 30 of earnings-- socialism is expensive!!
• 1/3 of workforce works for government
• 1/2 of society on the DOLE (welfare rolls)

46
Do they really NEED one?

• It has been suggested that the British
  Constitution can be summed up in eight words
  What the Queen in Parliament enacts is law.
• This means that Parliament, using the power of
  the Crown, enacts law which no other body can
  challenge.
• Parliamentary sovereignty is commonly regarded as
  the defining principle of the British
  Constitution.
• This is the ultimate lawmaking power vested in a
  democratically elected Parliament to create or
  abolish any law.

47

• The British unitary system is beginning to look
  like a federal system
• Devolution towards Scotland and Northern Ireland
• Whig initiatives.
• More freedom for local governments
• London mayor is now elected official.
• Reform in House of Lords
• Electoral reform
• A Bill of Rights???

48
The 'new' Supreme Court (Created in 2009)

• The Supreme Court is the same body as the old
  Law lords in a new courtroom (without their
  wigs) and no voting powers in the House of Lords
• Powers
• All the UK Supreme Court can do is issue a
  'statement of incompatibility' against govt.
  legislation that concerns human rights
• They have been the final court of appeal for
  Human Rights Act (HRA) cases in the UK since
  1998, which can still be appealed further to the
  European Court of Human rights.

49
Other Changes to System??

• For change to occur
• Party in power has to reduce its own power
• Is that likely?
• Conservatism doesnt breed change. . .
• Parliament has total sovereignty can change the
  law at any time to suit its needs. . .can that
  change?
• EU Law can circumvent Parliament law
• Electoral system bashes third parties . .
• That will come next unit. . . ?

50
The Stone of Scone (or Stone of Destiny)

• A stone placed inside the coronation chair upon
  which British monarchs are crowned
• Scottish kings were formerly crowned on the stone
  AND it used to sit under the coronation chair in
  Londons Westminster Abbey, until Thursday,
  November 14, 1996.
• The stone is now on display in Edinburgh Castle,
  with the intention to shuttle the stone to
  Westminster Abbey for future coronations of the
  British monarch.

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Unless the fates be faulty grownAnd prophets
voice be vainWhereer is found this sacred
stoneThe Scottish race shall reign.
52
Traditions of the State Opening of Parliament

• The State Opening ceremony dates from the opening
  in 1852. But parts of the ceremony can be traced
  back to even earlier times, when the monarchy and
  Parliament were on less than congenial terms.
• The speech is read in the House of Lords because
  no monarch has set foot in the House of Commons
  since 1642, when Charles the First entered the
  Commons and tried to arrest five MPs.

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• The hostage MP
• Before the Queen travels to Parliament from
  Buckingham Palace, certain traditional
  precautions are taken. A member of the government
  is held at Buckingham Palace to guarantee the
  safe return of the monarch. The hostage is
  released upon the safe return of the Queen.
• Searching the cellars
• The Yeomen of the Guard search the cellars of the
  Houses of Parliament, in a tradition that dates
  back to the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, when Guy
  Fawkes was arrested while preparing to blow up
  Parliament. 
• Black Rod
• The official known as Black Rod is sent to the
  Commons to summon MPs to attend the speech. The
  door is at first slammed in his face and MPs do
  not reopen it until he knocks on the door with
  his staff of office. MPs then follow Black Rod
  and the Speaker to the Lords Chamber.

55
New in 2009

• The UK added a Supreme Court in 2009
• The judicial function of Parliament ended in
  2009, when an independent UK Supreme Court was
  established.

The Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for
Justice Jack Straw He has made a written
ministerial statement in which  he has announced
a new structure for the Ministry of Justice.
56
The UK Supreme Court

• The Supreme Court was established in 2009 to
  achieve a complete separation between the United
  Kingdoms senior Judges and the Upper House of
  Parliament, emphasizing the independence of the
  Law Lords and increasing the transparency between
  Parliament and the courts.
• Courts are the final arbiter between the citizen
  and the state, and are therefore a fundamental
  pillar of the constitution.

57
Formerly Part of the House of Lords

• In August 2009 the Justices moved out of the
  House of Lords (where they sat as the Appellate
  Committee of the House of Lords) into their own
  building on the opposite side of Parliament
  Square.
• They sat for the first time as a Supreme Court in
  October 2009.

58
Role of the UK Supreme Court

• The final court of appeal for all United Kingdom
  civil cases, and criminal cases from England,
  Wales and Northern Ireland
• hears appeals on arguable points of law of
  general public importance
• concentrates on cases of the greatest public and
  constitutional importance
• maintains and develops the role of the highest
  court in the United Kingdom as a leader in the
  common law world

59
Impact of the Supreme Court

• The impact of Supreme Court decisions extend far
  beyond the parties involved in any given case,
  shaping our society, and directly affecting our
  everyday lives.
• For instance, in their first legal year, the
  Justices gave landmark rulings on
• access to legal advice for Scottish suspects
• the rights of gay asylum seekers
• and the weight to be given to pre-nuptial
  agreements.

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What major institution holds the key in Great
Britain?

• Parliament!
• The melding of the Executive and Legislative
  Branches

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What major institution holds the key in China?
62
Constitution of 1982

• The formal structure of government is based on
  the State Constitution adopted on December 4,
  1982, by the National People's Congress (NPC),
  China's highest legislative body.
• The 1982 Constitution superseded three previous
  state constitutions--those of 1954, 1975, and
  1978.

63
Constitution of 1982

• The 1982 Constitution is a lengthy, hybrid
  document with 138 articles. Large sections were
  adapted directly from the 1978 constitution, but
  many of its changes derive from the 1954
  constitution.
• Specifically, the new Constitution deemphasizes
  class struggle and places top priority on
  development and on incorporating the
  contributions and interests of nonparty groups
  that can play a central role in modernization.
• Rings with egalitarianism, but . . . .

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FrameworksChina

• Power of State
• Power of Party
• Power of Army

67
Chinese Communist Party

• The Communist Party of China (CCP or CPC) was
  founded on July 1, 1921 in Shanghai, China.
• After 28 years of struggle founded the People's
  Republic of China in 1949.

68
The 7 Top CCP Officials in the Politiboro
Standing Committee

• Xi Jinping - Head of China's Communist Party and
  chairman of China's Central Military Commission
• Li Keqiang - Premier (in March)
• Zhang Dejiang - Head of National People's
  Congress
• Yu Zhengsheng - Head of Chinese Peoples
  Consultative Conference
• Liu Yunshan - Head of Propaganda Department
• Wang Qishan - Secretary of the Central Commission
  for Discipline Inspection
• Zhang Gaoli - Executive Vice Premier

69
The Politburo Standing Committee, makes up of the
top leadership of the Communist Party in China

• Xi Jinping SHEE jin PING (-sh as in ship, -j as
  in Jack, -i as in sit, -ng as in sing)
• Li Keqiang LEE kuh chee-AANG (-ee as in street,
  -aa as in father, -ch as in church, -ng as in
  sing)
• Zhang Dejiang JAANG duh jee-AANG (-j as in Jack,
  -aa as in father, -ng as in sing)
• Zhang Gaoli JAANG gow LEE (-j as in Jack, -aa as
  in father, -ng as in sing, -ow as in now)

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• Wang Qishan WAANG chee SHAN (-aa as in father,
  -ng as in sing -ch as in church)
• Liu Yunshan LYOH yuen SHAN (-ly as in million,
  -oh as in no, -ue as in French vu)
• Yu Zhengsheng YUE jung SHUNG (-ue as in French
  vu, -j as in Jack, -u as in bun, -ng as in sing)

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ChinaExecutive Branch

• Xi Jinping - Head of China's Communist Party and
  chairman of China's Central Military Commission
• Li Keqiang - Premier
• Zhang Dejiang - Head of National People's
  Congress
• Yu Zhengsheng - Head of Chinese Peoples
  Consultative Conference

73
Xi Jinping- current roles

• General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee
• Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission

74
State Council

• The State Council (or Central Government) is the
  highest organ of Chinese executive branch.
• Concentration of power but still needs party
  support
• Politburo rules party, influences government

Li Keqiang Member of the Standing Committee
Premier of the State Council
75
The State Council

• The State Council is the government of the PRC.
• It is the highest organ of state power, and of
  state administration
• The State Council consists of
• Premiers, Vice-Premiers, State Councilors,
  Ministers in charge of ministries, Ministers in
  charge of commissions, Auditor-General, and the
  Secretary-General.
• The State Councils term of office is five years.

76
Central Military Commission

• The Constitution also established the Central
  Military Commission (CMC), a organizational body
  empowered to direct the armed forces of China.
• The Constitution does not enumerate the duties
  and powers of this governmental unit, as it does
  with the others.
• It does, however, establish that the CMC is
  responsible to the NPC, supporting the idea that
  the NPC is the highest organ of state power.

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China Executive Branch-(old) State Council
79
ChinaLegislative Branch

• National Peoples Congress
• The NPC is the unicameral body vested with the
  authority to establish the laws in China.
• This is a ratifying body, not deliberating body,
  a forum for special interest groups
• 2,987 members (largest in the world)
• Term 5 years
• Meets once a year
• Unicameral
• Function
• Amend legislation
• Appoints/selects President and VP of PRC with a
  caucus system format (Quanxi)

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ChinaLegislative Branch

• The NPC is partially composed of a permanent body
  called the Standing Committee of the National
  Peoples Congress
• When the NPC is not in secession, the Standing
  Committees can enact amendments and additions to
  laws passed by the NPC

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ChinaLegislative Branch

• The Central Committee is elected by the National
  Party Congress.
• When the National Party Congress is not in
  session, the Central Committee leads all the work
  of the Party and represents the CPC outside the
  Party.
• It is elected for a term of five years.

82
ChinaLegislative Branch

• Legislation is also created at more local levels
  by the peoples congresses of provinces,
  municipalities, autonomous areas and cities.
• The Constitution provides the structure,
  authority, and duties of the Local Peoples
  Congresses

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March 2010
opening meeting of the Third Session of the 11th
National Committee of the Chinese People's
Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) at the
Great Hall of the People in Beijing

• Hu Jintao (C, Front), Wu Bangguo (2nd R, Front),
  Wen Jiabao (2nd L, Front), Jia Qinglin (1st R,
  Front), Li Changchun (1st L, Front), Xi Jinping
  (2nd L, Back), Li Keqiang (2nd R, Back), He
  Guoqiang (1st L, Back) and Zhou Yongkang (1st R,
  Back)

84
China- Regional Governments

• Standing Committees at every level the epitome
  of local control
• Regional Governments
• Provinces
• Prefectures
• County Townships
• Production brigades
• Production teams

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China- Bureaucracy

• Largest in the world
• Chinese citizens cant hold both a political and
  government post
• Cadres- Public officials
• An attempt to decentralize power
• Generally not trusted (2010 Golf Scandal)

The Premier, Wen Jiabao, called yesterday for
reforms that would allow more public scrutiny to
address the "problem of over-concentration of
power with ineffective supervision".
86
Cadres

• The term cadre refers to a public official
  holding a responsible or managerial position,
  usually full time, in party and government.
• The 7 May Cadre Schools were set up in late 1968,
  in accordance with Mao Zedongs directive.
• A cadre may or may not be a member of the CCP,
  although a person in a sensitive position would
  almost certainly be a party member.

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Great Leap Forward Movement

• Cadres and intellectuals, "sent down" from the
  cities, would perform manual labor and undergo
  ideological reeducation.
• Cadres would take turns to go the villages or
  grass-roots levels to gain first-hand experience
  in productive work.

One by one, the 7 May cadre schools were closed
down they ceased to exist after the Cultural
Revolution.
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ChinaJudicial Branch

• The judicial system of the PR consists of the
• The Supreme Peoples Courts
• The Higher Peoples Courts
• The Intermediate Peoples Courts
• The Basic Peoples Courts
• The Basic Peoples Courts are comprised of more
  than 3,000 courts at county level, which are
  further subdivided into about 20,000 smaller
  units referred to as peoples tribunals

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Chinas Court System

• Strictly speaking, China's judicial system only
  refers to people's court system.
• Generally thought to lack Rule of Law

Judges being sworn in at a court in Xian,
Shaanxi Province. Photo Reuters
http//en.chinacourt.org/
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Role of Chinas Supreme Court

• Trying cases that have the greatest influence in
  China, hearing appeals against the legal
  decisions of higher courts
• Supervising the work of local courts and special
  courts at every level
• Giving judicial explanations of the specific
  utilization of laws in the judicial process that
  must be carried out nationwide.

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Supreme Court Terms

• The president of the Supreme People's Court is
  elected by the NPC and remains in office for no
  more than two successive terms with each term of
  five years.
• The deputy presidents of the Supreme People's
  Court, members of the judicial committee,
  presiding judges of affiliated courts and their
  deputies, and judicial officers are appointed and
  recalled by the Standing Committee of the NPC.

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The Higher People's Courts

• The Higher People's Courts are courts of
  provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
  directly under the Central Government.
• A higher people's court deals with cases of the
  first instance assigned by laws and decrees,
  cases of the first instance transferred from
  people's courts at the next lower level, cases of
  appeals and of protests lodged against judgments
  and orders of people's courts at the next lower
  level, and cases of protests lodged by people's
  procuratorates.

93
Higher Peoples Court Case

• Lawyers for Apple Inc. argued for its right to
  use the iPad trademark in China on Wednesday
  March 1, as a higher court began a crucial
  hearing that could result in sales of the wildly
  popular tablet computer being halted throughout
  the Chinese mainland
• The Higher People's Court of Guangzhou is hearing
  an appeal by the U.S. firm after a lower court
  ruled in favour of debt-laden Chinese tech
  company Proview Technology (Shenzhen), which says
  it owns the trademark in China.

http//tv.ibtimes.com/china-higher-court-hears-app
le-s-ipad-appeal/3798.html
94
The Intermediate People's Courts

• They are the courts established in capitals or
  prefectures in the provincial level.
• The scope of jurisdiction by an intermediate
  people's court covers cases of first instance
  assigned by laws and decrees, cases of first
  instance transferred from the basic people's
  courts, and appealed and protested cases from the
  lower court.

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The Basic People's Courts

• The basic courts, as the lowest level, are
  normally located at the county, municipal
  districts and autonomous counties.
• The basic people's court adjudicates all criminal
  and civil cases of the first instance except
  where the law provides otherwise.
• Besides trying cases, a basic people's court is
  also responsible for settling civil disputes,
  handling minor criminal cases that do not require
  formal handling, and directing the work of the
  people's mediation committees.

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What major institution holds the key in China?

• The Party!
• Since Mao, control of the Communist Party is key
  to maintaining control in China

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What major institution holds the key in Mexico?
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Mexico- Central Government

• A Federal system established like the U.S. but
  highly centralized
• President Party POWER!
• Coalition of interests
• Co-optation (small group influence- related to
  patron-client)
• crime
• Political centralism
• Has deep roots and a long tradition
• Main Problem
• The Mexican government cant run the people like
  a dictatorship and the people cant control the
  government.

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Mexico- Federal System

• Federal government controls 85 of revenues.
• Mexico City spends 45 of budget
• Muncipio Libre
• Free autonomous local governments
• Not really!
• 32 states are divided by political interests.
• PAN has garnered its support base in local
  governments

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Mexican Presidential System

• Powerful office with
• Six year term (Sexenio)
• BUT No Re-election
• Must be 35 years old
• Must be natural-born citizen of natural-born or
  naturalized citizens
• The candidate cannot have held a cabinet post or
  a governorship, nor have been on active military
  duty during the six months prior to the election.
  
• Priests and ministers of religious denominations
  are barred from holding public office.

103
Mexican Presidential System

• Presidents are directly elected by a simple
  majority of registered voters in the thirty-one
  states and the Federal District.
• The president holds the formal titles of chief of
  state, head of government, and commander in chief
  of the armed forces

104
The Mexican Presidency

• Critics have pejoratively labeled the presidency
  the "six-year monarchy" because of the seemingly
  unchecked power that historically has resided in
  the office.
• There is NO vice-president
• Much of the aura of presidential power derives
  from the president's direct and unchallenged
  control over both the state apparatus and the
  ruling political party, the PRI.

105
Power of the Mexican President

• Constitutional powers
• His veto cannot be overridden!
• President initiates, vetoes and decrees
  legislation
• System restricts his changes
• Pendulum politics (i.e. Portillos
  nationalization of banks in 1982)
• National Consultative Committee
• Made up of all ex-presidents

Enrique Peña Nieto
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vYobJc5cnk68
106
Mexico- Executive Branch

• President handpicks cabinet
• 20 members
• Ministry of Government most powerful
• President selects successor
• El Tapado (The Hidden One) from small pool of
  cabinet officers until Vicente FOX was elected in
  2000.
• Did Vicente Fox select one in 2006?
• Felipe Calderon in 2012??

107
Mexican Patron-Client Relationship

• Mexican president is the supreme client of the
  client-patron system
• It follows the camarilla (political clique) who
  vie for presidential power
• Cabinet positions conciliates the losers
• Loyalty to office but not similar ideology

108
Mexican Bureaucracy

• Very Powerful institution in Mexico
• PRI influenced in past and even today
• Controls municipalities/cities
• Uses Mordida and the spoils system
• The PRI bureaucrats also used the Three Pillars
  of Society to control the government by dividing
  the power and then uniting and merging the
  factions
• Major parts of PRI
• Campesinos (farmer or land worker)
• Peasants -- Drunk with Revolutionary fervor
• Land reform -- National Peasant Confederation
  (CNC interest group)
• Labor/labor unions
• Military

109
Mexican Bureaucracy

• The Mexican Bureaucracy has to deal with poverty
  and debt
• Oil ( since the 1970s) makes money and also
  expectations
• PEMEX oil company largest
• Economy is concentrated in a few key areas
• Presidential success the economy is now tied
  together!
• Free trade status important-NAFTA

110
Mexican Legislature

• A bicameral system that was updated by
  Constitutional changes in 1993
• Senate-128 members- 6-year terms
• 96 elected in state lists 32 by PR
• Chamber of Deputies 500 members with a 3 year
  term.
• 300 Direct-election seats 200 by PR
• Both bodies used to be PRI controlled but now
  filled with both PDR and PAN legislators.
• The changes meant more seats for oppositional
  parties
• Senate at least 1/3 for non-PRI seats
• Chamber of Deputies no party will earn more than
  300 of the 500 seats

111
Mexican Legislature

• Term limits
• No consecutive re-election to legislative seats
• Function of Institution was originally used to
  Legitimize the Presidency
• A symbol to the people that the government will
  be responsible.
• BUT 80 of Presidents legislation was passed
  pre-2000.
• BUT this has changed since 2000 and Fox and
  Calderon have experienced a non-conformist
  legislature.

112
Fox News Latino January 2012

• Mexican lawmakers said they would formally
  complain to the attorney general's office Tuesday
  after finding hidden microphones believed to have
  been used to spy on the lower house of Congress.
• The listening devices were found "in quite a lot
  of offices, listening to and checking the
  activities of lawmakers," said Armando Rios
  Piter, president of the house's political
  coordination committee, on Televisa channel.
• It was unclear who was responsible but lawmakers
  would release further information when possible,
  a statement from the lower chamber said.

113
Mexicos Judicial Branch

• The judicial branch of the Mexican government is
  divided into federal and state systems.
• Mexico's highest court is the Supreme Court of
  Justice, located in Mexico City.
• It consists of twenty-one magistrates and five
  auxiliary judges, all appointed by the president
  and confirmed by the Senate or the Permanent
  Committee.
• Mexican supreme court justices must be Mexican
  citizens by birth, thirty-five to sixty-five
  years old, and must have resided in Mexico and
  held a law degree during the five years preceding
  their nomination.

114
Mexican Judicial System

• Spanish law with a sprinkling of U.S. common law
• Court system is elaborate
• Supreme Court
• 21 Justices
• 4 Chambers
• Highly politicized!!
• Corruption has always infiltrated the system
• Drug trade pays off in many cases

115
What major institution holds the key in Mexico?

• Political Parties AND The Executive Branch
• Since 1917, control of Mexico was linked to
  political party
• PRI 1917-2000
• 2000 and beyond
• Uncertainty

116
What major institution holds the key in Iran?
117
What major institution holds the key in Iran?

• Islamic Law!!!
• The delicate melding of a theocracy and a
  democracy

118
An Islamic Republic

• Iran is a constitutional Islamic republic with a
  theocratic system of government where ultimate
  political authority is vested in a learned
  religious scholar, the Supreme Leader.
• Shia Islam is the official religion of Iran, and
  Islamic law is the basis of the authority of the
  state.
• The Iranian Constitution guarantees freedom of
  worship to Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians,
  though they are sometimes the subject of
  discrimination and repression.

119
Iran A Theocratic Democracy

• Theocracy versus Democracy
• A theocracy needs a belief system intact
• A democracy believes in co-existence between
  diverse groups.
• Democracies think anybody can become an elite
• Theocracies promote religious elites.
• Iranian sovereignty needs both democratic ideals
  and theocratic conformity
• An intense complicated relationship!

120
Iranian Institutions

• A mixture of Persian culture and Islams plethora
  of assemblies
• Many parallel organizations Political and
  religious centered.
• Clerics and Revolutionary Guard watches the army
  and vice versa.
• So who rules?
• That depends on what the decision is and the
  timing

121

• http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/
  03/iran_power/html/default.stm

122
Executive Branch

• President
• A universally elected office holder.
• He needs a majority vote
• Term four year with two term limit
• Powers
• Selects cabinet members
• Presents legislation
• But shares rule with Supreme Leader

123
Iranian Supreme Leader

• Chosen by the Assembly of Religious Experts.
• Trustee of community
• Ensures that all laws conform to Islam.
• Can overrule and dismiss President
• Appoints head of judiciary and ½ of the members
  of the Guardian Council
• Names top military commanders.
• Once, the highest ranking cleric, today and
  established member of the clergy.

124
Sowhos in Charge??
125
The Guardian Council

• 12 member council (6-yr term) that can veto
  legislation when it runs counter to Islamic
  dogma.
• Theoretically, an upper house of parliament.
• Screens all political candidates.
• Composition
• Six clerics and six lawyers who are selected by
  judiciary w/ approval by Parliament

126
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127
Assembly of Religious Experts

• Popularly elected but must possess cleric
  pedigree.
• Composed by 86 men who drafted 1979 Iranian
  Constitution.
• Evaluates performance of Supreme Leader

128
Expediency Council

• Purpose
• Maintain the public interest (maslahat) of the
  state.
• Serves as an advisory body to the Supreme Leader,
  making it one of the most powerful governing
  bodies in the country.
• Institution created in 1988
• 32 political personalities who resolve disputes .
  
• A co-democratic, co-theological body.
• 3 year term
• Comprised of
• 3 government leaders
• 6 Guardians
• 23 Supreme Leader appointees
• Has the authority to mediate disputes between
  Majles and the Council of Guardians

129
Iranian Legislative Branch

• Majles- Islamic Consultative Assembly
• 290 deputies
• Unicameral
• Four year term by direct and secret ballot.
• Feisty political arena that has taken on a
  non-clerical representation
• Purpose is to make statutes, not sharia.
• Investigative body-
• Selects 6 of 12 members of Guardian Council.
• Can remove cabinet members w/ vote of no
  confidence. . .except President!!

130
Iranian Judicial Branch

• Conservative body
• Institutes censorship
• Supreme Leader appoints head of judiciary
• A cleric
• Clerics interpret law
• Sharia is dominant.
• Penal Code
• Retribution law
• But state interests have intervened to temper
  zealous judicial clerics.
• Imprisonment has replaced corporal punishment as
  sentencing of choice.
• Hezbollahs and Bazaaris establish vigilante
  justice

131
Iranian Bureaucracy

• Controlled by president
• Nationalized industry, including oil.
• Learning Islam is a way into the budgetary
  coffers.
• Senior ministries are dominated by clerics

132
2008-09 Budget

• Iran's parliament has approved a bigger budget
  for 2008-09 totaling the equivalent of 310
  billion, despite fears this will further stoke
  inflation in OPEC's second biggest producer.

Each US dollar has been calculated at 9,095
rials.
133
Iranian Military

• The Iranian military is a Pahlavi institution
  (named for the Shah)
• The Supreme Leader dictates this group.
• Revolutionary Guards keep a close eye and
  protects the Republic
• The Iranian military protects the borders
• A strange relationship!

134
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137
The Revolutionary Guard

• The Iranian Revolutionary Guard was formed in May
  1979, almost immediately after the revolution
• It was set up by the then Supreme Leader
  Ayatollah Khomeini to be the guardian of the
  revolution.
• The Revolutionary Guard was supposed to be a
  people's army and was supposed to mobilize the
  people of Iran in front of any foreign attacks to
  Iran.
• Now the Revolutionary Guard is something like a
  political party
• Have 80 seats in the parliament
• Have more than half of the members of the
  cabinet.
• Like the KGB because they have secret services
• Like a cartel or trust.

138
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139
What major institution holds the key in Nigeria?
140
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141
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142
Religious Demography and Diversity

• Religion has always played a major role in
  Nigerian society, where there is a strong
  relation between ethnic and religious identity.
• Muslims account for nearly 50 percent of the
  population.
• Approximately 40 percent of Nigerians are
  Christians
• The remaining 10 percent practice indigenous
  beliefs

143
Religious Demography and Diversity

• Islam largely dominates the country's northern
  region, home of the Hausa and Fulani ethnic
  groups.
• Christianity is the prevalent religion in the
  south among the Yoruba and Igbo tribes, although
  the southwesterly Yorubaland contains a more
  diverse group of religions.
• The mid-section of Nigeria remains mostly
  neutral, with neither religion a majority.

144
Nigerian Institutions

• An excellent model of presidentialism, be it a
  military leader (or an occasional
  democratic-elected leader).
• Legislatures often discarded by military leaders.
• Once a parliamentary system following the GBs
  unitary ways
• Now a federal system following the U.S.s
  presidential model
• It is now the Fourth Republic derived from the
  ethnic hierarchies prevalent through out Nigeria.

145
The Executive

• North has dominated Executive branch since the
  end of colonial period
• Ethnic Pluralism has hampered central
  presidential rule
• Creating Presidential Zones (zoning out) has been
  offered as an alternative but rent-seeking
  might interfere
• Politicians seek personal gain from powerful
  positions.

146
The President

• Popularly elected head of state and government
• Protector of Last Resort
• Also commander in chief.
• Term 4 yrs w/ two term limit.
• Functions
• Ceremonial and Administrative
• Appoints ministers (w/ Senate confirmation) but
  must represent all 36 states.
• Federal Executive Committee
• Ensures all laws are enacted nationwide

147
President / Head Of State Duration Of Term

• Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa 1960 - 1966
• Chief Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe October 1, 1963
  January 16, 1966
• Major General Johnson Thomas Umunnakwe Aguiyi
  Ironsi January 16, 1966 July 29, 1966
• General Yakubu Gowon August 1, 1966 July 29,
  1975
• General Murtala Ramat Mohammed July 29, 1975
  February 13, 1976
• General Olusegun Aremu Okikiola Matthew Obasanjo
  February 13, 1976 October 1, 1979
• Shehu Usman Aliyu Shagari October 1, 1979
  December 31, 1983
• Major-General Muhammadu Buhari December 31, 1983
  August 27, 1985

148
President / Head Of State Duration Of Term

• General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida August 27,
  1985 August 27, 1993
• Chief Ernest Adegunle Oladeinde Shonekan August
  26, 1993 November 17, 1993
• General Sani Abacha November 17, 1993 June 8,
  1998
• General Abdulsalami Alhaji Abubakar (rtd.) June
  9, 1998 May 29, 1999
• General (rtd.) Olusegun Aremu Okikiola Matthew
  Obasanjo May 29, 1999 May 29, 2007
• Umaru Musa Yar'Adua 29 May 2007 May 2010
• Goodluck Jonathan May 2010-present

149
The 6 Nigerian Geopolitical Zones

• North-Central
• Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger, Plateau, and
  Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.
• North-Eastern
• Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba and Yobe.
• North-Western
• Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto and
  Zamfara.
• South-Eastern
• Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo.
• South-South
• Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo and
  Rivers.
• South-Western
• Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun and Oyo.

150
Power of the North-Central and North West Zones

• The North-Central Zone
• Generals Yakubu Gowon
• General Ibrahim Babangida
• General Abdusalam Abubakar
• North-West Zone
• General Murtala Mohammed
• General Muhammadu Buhari
• General Sani Abacha
• General Alhaji Shehu Shagari
• President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua.

151
Proposed Constitutional Rotation of Offices

• The following 6 offices shall rotate among the
  six geo-political zones
• The office of the President
• The office of the Vice President
• The office of the Prime Minister
• The office of the Deputy Prime Minister
• The office of the President of the Senate
• The office of the Speaker of the House of
  Representatives.
• Had the above provisions been incorporated in the
  1999 Constitution, two of the six geopolitical
  zones would already have produced a President of
  Nigeria and a third zone would have been looking
  forward to producing the President in the next
  dispensation.
• The present controversy or argument as to which
  geopolitical zone or group of geopolitical zones
  or region should present the President would have
  been more manageable.

152
The Executive

• Under Nigerias federal system, states receive
  large shares of the nations oil revenues and
  have budgets rivaling those of other African
  nations.
• Those budgets can prove to be tempting targets
  for graft in Nigeria, a West African nation
  consistently ranked as having one of the most
  corrupt governments in the world

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154
President Jonathan dealing with terrorists in
January 2012

• President Goodluck Jonathan made a trip to Kano
  following the devastating bomb attacks by Boko
  Haram, which left more than 150 people dead.
• He went to the military hospital and also met the
  Emir of Kano and promised to defeat the
  perpetrators of the attacks on the city.
• The militant Islamist group says it was
  responsible for the attack.

http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16673548
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157
Nigerian Legislature- The National Assembly

• National Assembly is bicameral (U.S. model)
• Senate 109 3 per state 1 Fed Cap
• House 360 reps
• Male dominated body
• Both Popularly elected w/ 4 yr terms
• It approves the budget
• It can invoke impeachment proceedings.
• Passes laws w/ assistance from President
• Not a divided government
• President is patron of the Executive Branch, who
  disperses the budget.

(This body is seeking legitimacy and a purpose !)
158
Nigerian Judicial Branch

• Hierarchy of courts with Supreme Court at the top
• Follows British model.
• Common law courts AND Sharia courts
• Problems
• Political appointees can rob the judiciary of its
  independence.
• Military tribunals have circumvented the legal
  process, belittling the concept of rule of law.

159
Nigerian Military

• An intimidating national force.
• Six of 13 rulers have been Generals
• A great deal of ethnic based patronage, pacifies
  the pluralism.
• Almost more effective than political parties in
  gaining support.
• Been involved recently in peacekeeping operations
  in and around Africa.
• Is it the only institution that works?

160
What major institution holds the key in Nigeria?

• The Military!!!

161
What major institution holds the key in Russia?
162
What major institution holds the key in Russia?

• The Executive!!
• FYI, as in most authoritarian societies
  controlling the Military is key to maintaining
  control in Russia

163
Executive Branch

• FEDERAL system created in 1991
• Really a Unitary system with a federal title
• Original the constitution provided dual
  leadership between the Federal Assembly and the
  President.
• Like France, Russias government has a prime
  minister who is selected by the president to rule
  the Federal Assembly.

164
Executive Branch

• The winning candidate requires an absolute
  majority of the total vote.
• If no candidate secures this majority in the
  first-round ballot, then a second-round run off
  election must be held three weeks later in which
  the only contestants are the two front-running
  candidates in the first round.
• The first President of Russia, Boris N. Yeltsin
  was elected on June 12, 1991, by the nation-wide
  vote, and on July 10 was inducted into office.
• In 2000, Vladimir Putin, was elected by the
  nation-wide vote and was sworn in again on May
  7, 2004.

165
President of Russia Terms and Qualifications

• Originally limited to two 4-year terms
• Now limited to two 6-year terms
• A candidate for president must be a citizen of
  Russia, at least thirty-five years of age, and a
  resident of the country for at least ten years.
• If a president becomes unable to continue in
  office because of health problems, resignation,
  impeachment, or death, a presidential election is
  to be held not more than three months later.
• In such a situation, the Federation Council is
  empowered to set the election date.

http//www.russiavotes.org/president/presidency_el
ectoral_system.php
http//rt.com/politics/russia-nominates-presidenti
al-candidate-303/
166
Executive Branch

• President -- supported by strong military
• Government requires the confidence of the
  Parliament/Duma
• President appoints Prime Minister w/ approval of
  Duma.
• If Duma doesnt approve after 3 attempts
• Dissolve Duma and hold new elections.

http//rt.com/politics/official-word/putin-q-and-a
-annual-session-785/
167