Political Science BALLB Ist sem

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• Political Science BALLB Ist sem
• UNIT - 1

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Definition of Political Science

• Political science is a social science discipline
  that deals with systems of government and the
  analysis of political activity and political
  behavior.
• Aristotle defined it as the study of the state.
  It deals extensively with the theory and practice
  of politics, and the analysis of political
  systems, political behavior, and political
  culture. Political scientists "see themselves
  engaged in revealing the relationships underlying
  political events and conditions, and from these
  revelations they attempt to construct general
  principles about the way the world of politics
  works

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Nature of Political Science

1. Political Science is a science
2. Political Science is not a science

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Scope of Political Science

• Political Science emerged as a science of the
  city state. Political thinker expressed opinions
  described values and formulated principles on
  political science such as liberalism, idealism
  etc.

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Relevance to Law

1. Study of State
2. Study of Men
3. Study of Government
4. Study of Political Ideas
5. Study of Political Concepts
6. Study of Constitution
7. Study of International Relations

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Definition of State

• A nation or territory considered as an organized
  political community under one government

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Elements of State

1. Population
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty

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Theories of Origin of State

1. Devine Theory
2. Natural Theory
3. Force Theory
4. Historical / Evolutionary Theory
5. Social Contract Theory
6. Marxist Theory

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Functions of State

1. Idealistic Theory of State
2. Organic Theory of State
3. Anarchist Theory of State
4. Individualist Theory of State
5. Positive Liberal Theory of State
6. Marxist Theory of State
7. Functional Theory of State

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• UNIT - 2

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Definition of Liberalism

• Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview
  founded on ideas of liberty (which is especially
  stressed in classical liberalism) and equality
  (which is more evident in social liberalism).

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Definition of Socialism

• A political and economic theory of social
  organization which advocates that the means of
  production, distribution, and exchange should be
  owned or regulated by the community as a whole

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Gandhism

• Gandhism is a body of ideas and principles that
  describes the inspiration, vision and the life
  work of Mahatma Gandhi. It is particularly
  associated with his contributions to the idea of
  nonviolent resistance, sometimes also called
  civil resistance

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Definition of Sovereignty

• In political theory, sovereignty is a substantive
  term designating supreme authority over some
  polity. It is a basic principle underlying the
  dominant Westphalian model of state foundation

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Kinds of Sovereignty

1. Legal Sovereignty
2. Political Sovereignty

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Definition of Power

• In social science and politics, power is the
  ability to influence or control the behavior of
  people. The term authority is often used for
  power perceived as legitimate by the social
  structure

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Kinds of Power

1. Private Power
2. Public Power
3. Economic Power
4. Political Power
5. Ideological Power

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Definition of Authority

• The word Authority is used in the name of an
  organization, this name usually refers to the
  governing body upon which such authority is vested

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Kinds of Authority

1. Charismatic Authority
2. Traditional Authority
3. Rational Legal Authority
4. Political Authority

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Definition of Legitimacy

• In political science, legitimacy is the popular
  acceptance of an authority, usually a governing
  law or a régime

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Definition of Liberty

• Liberty consists of the social and political
  freedoms guaranteed to all citizens

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Kinds of Liberty

1. Natural Liberty
2. Moral Liberty
3. Civil Liberty
4. Political Liberty
5. Economic Liberty
6. Social Liberty
7. Cultural Liberty
8. National Liberty
9. International Liberty

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Definition of Democracy

• A system of government by the whole population or
  all the eligible members of a state, typically
  through elected representatives

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Types of Democracy

1. Direct Democracy
2. Indirect Democracy

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Definition of Dictatorship

• Dictatorship is a form of government where
  political authority is monopolized by a single
  person or political entity, and exercised through
  various mechanisms to ensure the entity's power
  remains strong

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Definition of Military Rule

• Full Definition of MILITARY GOVERNMENT. the
  government established by a military commander in
  conquered territory to administer the military
  law declared by him under military authority
  applicable to all persons in the conquered
  territory and superseding any incompatible local
  law compare military law

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Unitary Government

• A unitary system of government, or unitary state,
  is a sovereign state governed as a single entity.
  The central government is supreme, and the
  administrative divisions exercise only powers
  that the central government has delegated to them

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Characteristics of Unitary Government

1. A Strong Centre
2. Single Citizenship
3. Single Constitution for Union and States
4. Centre Can Change Name and Boundaries of States
5. Single Unified Judiciary
6. Unitary in Emergencies
7. Common All-India Services
8. Inequality of Representation in the Council of
   States
9. Appointment of Governor by President
10. Appointment of the High Court Judges by the
    President

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Federal Government

• The structure of federal governments vary. Based
  on a broad definition of a basic federalism,
  there are two or more levels of government that
  exist within an established territory and govern
  through common institutions with overlapping or
  shared powers as prescribed by a constitution

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Characteristics of Federal Government

1. Supremacy of constitution
2. Written and Rigid constitution
3. Two types of Government
4. Division of Powers
5. Independent Judiciary
6. Dual Citizenship

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Parliamentary Form of Government

• Legislature is Supreme governing body in the
  system

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Presidential Form of Government

• Executive is neither elected by, nor responsible
  to Parliament

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Organs of Government

1. Legislature
2. Executive
3. Judiciary

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Doctrine of Separation of Power
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Concept of Representation

• Modern democracy is indirect democracy of
  representative democracy. Voters elect
  representative to perform the function of
  legislature on their behalf

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Public Opinion

• This concept came about through the process of
  urbanization and other political and social
  forces. For the first time, it became important
  what people thought, as forms of political
  contention changed

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Public Participation

• Public participation is the process by which an
  organization consults with interested or affected
  individuals, organizations, and government
  entities before making a decision. Public
  participation is two-way communication and
  collaborative problem solving with the goal of
  achieving better and more acceptable decisions