KC-135 Data Link Training Course

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KC-135 Data Link TrainingCourse
Approved by AMC/A3TK Effective Date 16 Apr
07 Version 2.0
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What is Data Link?

• Think Of It as, Text Messaging With Controllers
• Advantages?
• Clear Communications
• No Language Issues
• Direct Line to Controller
• Better Surveillance
• Automatic Position Reporting

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Acronyms

• ACARS Aircraft Communications Addressing And
  Reporting System (Character-Based)
• ADS Automatic Dependent Surveillance
• ATS Air Traffic Service
• AFN ATS Facilities Notification
• AOC Airline Operational Control
• ATSU Air Traffic Services Unit
• CDA Current Data Authority
• CMU Communications Management Unit

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More Acronyms

• CPDLC Controller Pilot Data Link
  Communications
• D-ATIS Digital ATIS
• FANS-1/A Future Air Navigation System
• FOM FANS-1/A Operations Manual
• IMFD Interactive Multi-function Display
• HFDL HF Data Link
• NDA Next Data Authority
• OOOI Out, Off, On, In
• SATCOM Satellite Communication
• VDL VHF Data Link

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GATM Components
Category
Components
Goal
C
Communication Digital Radios to Handle Reduced
Channel Spacing and Datalink

• 8.33 Radios
• SATCOM/HF/VHF
• CPDLC

ATM
Air Traffic Management Transition from ATC to ATM
With the Ultimate Goal of Free Flight
N
Navigation Better Horizontal/Vertical Position
Accuracy to Enable Reduced Separation

• RNP 30 vs. 100 NM
• RVSM 1000 vs. 2000 ft
• FM Immunity

S
Surveillance Enhanced Situational Awareness,
Collision Avoidance, Automatic Position Reporting

• ADS
• Mode S
• TCAS

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Applications

• Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC)
  
• Air Traffic Service (ATS) Facilities Notification
  (AFN) - Logon
• Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS)
• Airline Operational Control (AOC)
• Air Traffic Services (ATS) D-ATIS, Oceanic
  Clearance

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Applications
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Flight Planning
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Where to Look?

• Guidance And Procedures In Civilian Operating
  Manuals
• FANS-1/A Operations Manual (FOM)
• Guidance Material for ATS in NAT Airspace
• Area Planning Documents
• Regional AIPs
• NOTAMs
• Centers Upgrading ALL the time! CPDLC? ADS?
  First Call Procedures?

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NOTAMS webpagehttps//www.notams.jcs.mil/USAFdown
loads.html
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FAA Oceanic Procedures Branchhttp//www.faa.gov/a
ts/ato/data_link.htm
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Flight Plan Guidance

• SEE GP Chapter 4
• RWXYJ IDKLOT HUV/PD (B40)
• RWXYJ IDKLOT HUV/SD (B40.2)
• P Mode S Including PA, But No ID
• S Mose S and Aircraft ID
• D ADS Capability
• J Datalink, K MLS Equipment

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1801 Flight Plan
RWXYJ IDKLOT HUV/SD
DAT/ SHV
REG/ 80093S
SEL/ JMQR
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AFN Logon
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Initiating Datalink

• AFN Logon
• Normally 15-45 Minutes Before Airspace Entry
• Required for a CDA To Be Established
• Does Not Establish Your Current Data Authority
  (CDA)
• Can Also Be Done Automatically Via Address
  Forwarding

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AFN Logon Failure

• Wrong Center Name (KZAK vs. KZOA)
• Flight ID Does Not Match Call Sign
• 1801 REG Does Not Match APM Number
• For KC-135 Last Digit Of Year Plus Last Four Of
  Tail Number Plus An S (i.e. 80093S for tail
  Number 58-0093 or 44835S of 64-14835)
• If You Change Aircraft Call Dispatch To Change
  On 1801 (AFN) And Tell Command Post To Change
  C2IPS (AOC)

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FIR Entry
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Prior to Entering Airspace

• Get Organized!
• IMFD / CDU Displays
• Flight Plan Log (Rounds Time)
• SELCAL Page
• CPDLC Position Report Page (truncates time)
• Compulsory / Non-compulsory Points
• Dont Access Position Report Early
• Reported Point In The Position Report Is The Last
  Waypoint Sequenced By The FMS

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AFN Logon

• AFN LOGON Accepted By KZAK (Oakland) When Near
  FIR. No New Operator Input Required
• CPDLC CDA is KZAK
• (CPDLC Enabled)
• DISCONNECT Prompt for CPDLC Available

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Oceanic Entry / FIR Crossing

• Non-NAT - After Entering Oceanic Airspace or
  Crossing FIR Boundary
• Send a CPDLC Position report FIRST!
• Informs ATSU That They Are The CDA
• HF Call With SELCAL Address And Stating That You
  Are Data Link Equipped
• Oakland Example Beak 96, CPDLC, Origin KSKA,
  Destination YBBN, Request SELCAL Check on JMQR

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Oceanic Entry / FIR Crossing

• NAT- After Entering Oceanic Airspace Or Crossing
  FIR Boundary
• DO NOT Send a CPDLC Position Report
• HF Call With a CDA and ADS Contract - RCH XXX,
  C-P-D-L-C, Shanwick Next, Request SELCAL Check
  XXXX
• HF Call ADS Contract Only - RCH XXX, A-D-S,
  SCROD VALIE, Request SELCAL Check XXXX
• Continue to Add CPDLC or ADS After Call Sign on
  HF
• If flight will exit current FIR into oceanic
  airspace, include the name of the next FIR. If
  exiting into domestic airspace, include track
  name if on the organized track system or last two
  fixes in the cleared route of flight if not on
  the OTS.

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CPDLC Position Report

• Replaces HF Position Report
• Course Offsets And/Or Block Altitudes Will Not Be
  Reflected On Position Reports
• Do Not Use Page 3 To Attach Free Text
• Controllers Dont Normally Access
• Do Not Send A Separate Free Text
• Controllers Expect You To Adhere To Previous
  Clearance Until You Report Otherwise
• No Feedback - Controller Will Not Respond

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CPDLC Position Report
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CPDLC Position Report
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CPDLC Position Report

• Can You Break Down This Message To Determine
• Reported Position?
• Next Position?
• Next 1 Position?
• Anything Else Here?

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CPDLC Data Authority

• Only TWO Connections Possible
• Current Data Authority (CDA)
• Youre In Their Airspace
• Has Exclusive Communication
• Next Data Authority (NDA)
• Determined by CDA
• No Communications Capability
• Usually The Next FIR You Will Be Entering

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Address Forwarding

• Also Referred To As, AFN LOGON Triggered By
  Address Forwarding
• Failure To Close All Uplink Messages Will Cause A
  Termination Of Both CDA And NDA Connections
• Downlink Messages Do Not Affect The Transfer
  Process

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Address Forwarding

• Process is AUTOMATIC Usually
• CDA Will Send An END SERVICE Message To Aircraft
• If END SERVICE msg Failed You Will Need to
  DISCONNECT From CDA
• If No NDA Appears, A Manual LOGON To The Next
  Center Will Be Required

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Address Forwarding

• AFN LOGON Forwarding in Progress
• CPDLC CDA and NDA

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Address Forwarding

• AFN LOGON Accepted by Tokyo
• CPDLC No Change to CDA and NDA

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Address Forwarding

• CONTACT Message Combined With END SERVICE Message
• Most Common
• CDA Disconnects And NDA Becomes CDA Upon Downlink
  Of WILCO Response

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Address Forwarding

• AFN LOGON Accepted by Tokyo
• Note 7-Letter ATSU Identifier
• CPDLC NDA Has Become CDA

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CPDLC Basics
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CPDLC Terminology

• WILCO Instruction Understood And Will Be
  Complied With
• UNABLE Instruction Cannot Be Complied With
• STANDBY Wait For A Reply, Short-term Delay
  (lt10 min)
• REQUEST DEFFERED Request Received But Deferred,
  long-term delay (gt10 minutes)
• ROGER Message Received And Understood
  Only Correct Response To Free Text Uplink
• AFFIRM Yes
• NEGATIVE No

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CPDLC

• Standard set of messages
• Consist of Elements and Variables
• CLIMB TO AND MAINTAIN FL360
• CLIMB TO REACH FL340 BY 0300
• Most Messages Open a Dialogue
• Messages Are Linked If A Response Is Required
• Message Exchange Between ATS and Aircraft
  Involves Message and Variable Value

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CPCLC

• Messages are Open until Closed by Appropriate
  ResponseSystem Knows!
• Pilot Responses Three levels
• WILCO or UNABLE For Clearance Changes
• AFFIRM or NEGATIVE For Inquiries
• ROGER For Information Requiring A Response
  Message Received

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CPDLC Message Log

• ACCEPTED and CLOSED Signify Closed Messages
• CONN ENDED Results From Termination of CDA With
  Open DOWNLINK Message

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CPDLC Dialogue

• If A Message Has Multiple Elements That Require A
  Different Response, Highest Order Response Will
  Close Message
• Example Descend To And Maintain FL220, Report
  Level FL220
• Descent Requires WILCO
• Report Level Requires ROGER
• WILCO Will Close Message And The System Will
  Display WILCO or UNABLE Only

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CPDLC Dialogue

• Do Not Send Multiple Request Message After
  Receipt Of A STANDBY Uplink
• Use WHEN CAN WE EXPECT _____
• Close All Identical Messages, If Applicable

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CPDLC Uplink Example

• ? CLIMB TO AND MAINTAIN FL330 Opens Dialogue
  (Clearance)
• STANDBY, WILCO or UNABLE Are Selectable
• If Pilot Chooses STANDBY Dialogue Remains Open
  
• ? WILCO Dialogue Closed, Pilot Begins Climb
• ? EXPECT CLIMB AT WALZA Opens Dialogue
  (Information)
• ROGER Displayed on MCDU
• ? ROGER Dialogue Closed

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Route Clearances

• REQUEST DIRECT TO position
• Present Position To Specified Position
• REQUEST route clearance
• Amendment To Current Clearance
• REQUEST CLEARANCE
• Request For Pre-departure Or Route Clearance
• Clearance Will Load In Alternate Flight Plan
  Before Allowing You To Execute To Active Flight
  Plan
• Print Out Route Clearances To Ensure You See The
  Whole Clearance!!

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Route Clearances
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CPDLC Requests

• Avoid multi-element requests
• Request climb to FL350 and request direct HUMOR
  Responses easily confused stick to standard
  message sets!
• Answer all messages in a timely manner
• Respond with roger to all free text uplinks
  before composing response message
• Uplinks MUST be closed prior to FIR transition
  or

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CPDLC

• Do Not Rename Waypoints In The FMS
• Customized Names Will Replace Original Point
  Description In Downlinked Reports
• Technique Use Alternate Flightplan With Overlay
  For User-defined Points

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CPDLC Free Text

• Why not just use FREE TEXT ??
• No Dialogue established, No Required Response
  From ATC, No Linked Response Available To
  Controller
• Time Intensive Type Manually (Typos), Send,
  Read By ATC, Type An Answer, Send To Airplane,
  Pilot Reads
• Language (e.g. Korean Airlines Pilot Typing in
  English???)
• Interpretation by ATC

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CPDLC Free Text

• Should Only Be Used When There Is No Other
  Available Message Option
• Use Standardized Free Text When Able
• WAKE DEV direction
• REVISED ETA position
• Reference Regional Operating Manuals For
  Additional Guidance

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AR Clearances

• See Sample Messages In AMC Enabling Concept
• Uses Standard Message Set With Free Text
  Elements, Where Possible
• Still Not Pre-coordinated With Most ATSUs
• ATSUs Responding With Free Text
• AFFSA Working To Have Them Accepted As
  Standardized Free Text In The FANS-1/A Message set

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CPDLC Summary

• Use The Message Set Correctly
• Limit Use Of Free Text Ensure There Is No
  Appropriate Message In Message Set
• Read All Parts/Pages Of Messages
• Received Messages May Be More Than 1 pg.
• Sent Messages May Be More Than 1 Page (i.e.
  Position Report)
• Print Out Route Clearances
• Ensure You Understand All Parts Of Message Your
  Transmit Button Still Works

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ADS Operations
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ADS

• Surveillance Information Sent From Aircraft
  Without Pilot Involvement
• ADS Armed When Power Applied
• Each Center Establishes Their Own Contract
• You Can See If A Contract Has Been Established
  With You (Unlike Many Commercial Aircraft).

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ADS

• Three Types Of Contracts
• Periodic Every XXX Seconds
• Set By Controller
• Can Be Modified
• May see 0/0 No Periodic Requested
• Event Waypoint Change (Next Or Next1), Climb,
  Descent Or Other Certain Events Occur
• Demand When Desired

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ADS Status

• ADS Connection
• 1 With Tokyo
• Periodic Every 320 sec (5 min 20 seconds)
• Event Yes, but you dont know what kind

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ADS

• Altering flight plan (next or next1) sends out a
  Waypoint Change Event report
• Reports update flight plan info at ATSU
• Used for conformance monitoring
• ADS Emer can only be turned on by pilot
• No restriction on non-compulsory reporting points
  in flightplan

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CPDLC Emergency Operations
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CPDLC Emergency

• CPDLC MAYDAY Message Automatically Places The
  CPDLC And The ADS Functionality Into Emergency
  Mode
• The Crew Can Also Select ADS Emergency Mode
  Independently of CPDLC
• Emergency Mode Can Only Be Initiated by The Crew
  And Can Only Be Cancelled by The Crew

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CPDLC Emergency

• Mayday or Pan Messages Do Not Require a Response
  
• Most ATSUs Will Respond To Confirm Situation And
  Provide Positive Feedback To The Crew
• ATSU Will Attempt To Send An ON DEMAND Contract
  And Increase Periodic Contract Reporting Rate

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System Malfunctions
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CPDLC Problems

• IN ALL CASES, If You Have A Problem/ Emergency
  And Need Immediate Resolution, Contact The ATSU
  by ANY Means Available
• If the CPDLC Connection is lost
• NO ATC COMM Will Be Displayed
• Lose CDA
• Attempt Re-logon to ATSU
• May Need To Call The ATSU To Have Them Log You
  Off Their System, If Unable to Re-logon

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CPDLC Problems

• A ltltno dl commgtgt Annunciation Indicates Loss of
  data link communications
• BE PATIENT. SATCOM Should Reconnect Within A
  Short Period Of Time And ltltdl comm availgtgt
  Annunciation Will Be Displayed
• You Should Not Lose The Established CDA or ADS
  Contract(s)
• Revert To Voice If Unable To Regain Data Link
  Connectivity

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Operational Considerations

• Data Link Opens Up Your Active Flight Plan And
  Aircraft Parameters To Hackers Any Time Power Is
  On The Aircraft And DLON Is Selected
• Turning Off the ADS Closes the Door Slightly
• TACC Has The Capability To Pull Information From
  Your System Without Your Knowledge

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Operational Considerations

• Turning DLOFF Will Shut Down VDL, SATCOM
  (Including Voice), And HFDL
• NO LINK On All Media, Squitters Off
• Need To Manage Active Flight Plan When Flying
  Missions With Unclassified And Classified Legs On
  The Same Sortie
• Consider Pulling CMU 1 2 Circuit Breakers to
  Disable Data Link, But Leave SATCOM available
  (DLON)

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Error Reporting

• Used To Collect Data On Specific Observations
• Confusion About a Clearance
• Inappropriate Use Of Abbreviations/Acronyms
• Any Other Abnormal Event/Observation
• What To Include In The Report
• Date, Time, FIR, Detailed Description
• Error Report in AMC Datalink Concept of
  Employment (CONEMP)
• All AMC reports submitted to TACC

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Data Link Scenarios
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Flight Situation 1

• SCENARIO
• Call Sign Astra 13
• Tail number 57-1435
• Reg number 71435S
• You Are 30 Minutes Out From Entering Oakland FIR
  (KZAK)

• QUESTIONS
• What Do You Enter In The Logon To Field?
• KZAK
• What Goes In The FLT ID Field?
• Your call sign ASTRA 13
• What Happens After Both Fields Are Populated?
• The SEND LOGON Prompt Appears at VLSK 2L

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Flight Situation 2
SCENARIO You Are In The Oakland FIR (CPDLC-only)
And Approaching The Tahiti FIR (NTTT) Note
Tahiti Has Both CPDLC and ADS

• QUESTIONS
• What Do You Expect To See As You Approach The Fir
  Boundary?
• AFN Logon By Address Forwarding To PPTCDYA
• NDA Field Will Populate With NTTT
• What Do You Do After Boundary Crossing?
• Standard FIR entry procedures CPDLC position
  report and SELCAL check
• What Actions Will You Take In Airspace?
• None, Assuming Tahiti Accepts ADS Reports In Lieu
  Of CPDLC Position Reporting

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Data Link TrainingCourse End
Approved by AMC/A3TK Effective Date 23 Apr
07 Questions Contact OPR Maj Schroeder, DSN
779-3645
GATM